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A Scenario-Driven Assessment of the Economic Feasibility of Rainwater Harvesting Using Optimized Storage

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  • Chidozie Charles Nnaji

    (University of Nigeria
    University of Johannesburg
    Africa Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Power and Energy Development)

  • Clinton Aigbavboa

    (University of Johannesburg)

Abstract

Regional water scarcity has given rise to the search for sustainable means of water supply. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has been receiving unprecedented attention as low-cost and eco-friendly option. Given the conflicting nature of research findings with respect to the feasibility of RWH and the belief that such results have sometimes been unreasonably generalized, this study was undertaken to ascertain the feasibility of RWH under very specific climatic and socio-economic conditions. This study investigated the economic feasibility of RWH in a sub-Saharan African city (Enugu, Nigeria), considering eight dwelling categories. Life cycle cost analysis was performed for RWH system in each of the categories for specified levels of water consumption namely: basic water need (50 litres per capita per day, lpcd), pour flush (75 lpcd) and full plumbing connection (150 lpcd) and for two energy options namely: fuel generator and the national power supply grid. Capital cost ranged from 47 to 95% of the net present value (NPV), maintenance cost ranged from 4 to 40% and running cost ranged from 1 to 27% of NPV. The percentage cost contribution of underground tank to NPV ranged from 60.4–82%, 66.9–86% and 77.3–89% for basic water need, pour flush and full plumbing connection options respectively, using the national electricity grid as source of power for pumping water to the overhead tank. The corresponding cost contributions for the use of petrol generator as source of power for pumping are 56.5–75.9%, 63–81% and 73.9–85%. The unit cost of water ranged from 0.07–0.25 N/litres, 0.09–0.34 N/litres and 0.22–0.54 N/litres for basic water need, pour flush and full plumbing connection, using the national grid for pumping water. The corresponding unit costs for generator are 0.09–0.3 N/litres, 0.11–0.4 N/litres and 0.28–0.64 N/litres. Comparison of these costs with the costs of other sources of water supply shows that RWH is a cheaper source of water. 1$ = N360.

Suggested Citation

  • Chidozie Charles Nnaji & Clinton Aigbavboa, 2020. "A Scenario-Driven Assessment of the Economic Feasibility of Rainwater Harvesting Using Optimized Storage," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 34(1), pages 393-408, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:waterr:v:34:y:2020:i:1:d:10.1007_s11269-019-02462-x
    DOI: 10.1007/s11269-019-02462-x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kwangsik Jung & Taeseop Lee & Byeong Choi & Seungkwan Hong, 2015. "Rainwater Harvesting System for Contiunous Water Supply to the Regions with High Seasonal Rainfall Variations," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 29(3), pages 961-972, February.
    2. Chidozie Charles Nnaji & PraiseGod Chidozie Emenike & Imokhai Theophilus Tenebe, 2017. "An Optimization Approach for Assessing the Reliability of Rainwater Harvesting," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 31(6), pages 2011-2024, April.
    3. Rodrigo, S. & Sinclair, M. & Forbes, A. & Cunliffe, D. & Leder, K., 2011. "Drinking rainwater: A double-blinded, randomized controlled study of water treatment filters and gastroenteritis incidence," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 101(5), pages 842-847.
    4. Goel, A.K. & Kumar, R., 2005. "Economic analysis of water harvesting in a mountainous watershed in India," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 71(3), pages 257-266, February.
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    Cited by:

    1. Sumar Farooq & Khalid Mahmood & Fiza Faizi, 2022. "Comparative Simulation of GIS-Based Rainwater Management Solutions," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 36(9), pages 3049-3065, July.
    2. Chen Shiguang & Zeng Haoxin & Sun Hongwei & Liu Song & Yang Yongmin, 2024. "How to determine the cistern volume of rainwater harvesting system: an analytical solution based on roof areas and water demands," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(8), pages 20413-20438, August.
    3. Monzur Alam Imteaz & Vassiliki Boulomytis, 2022. "Improvement of Rainwater Harvesting Analysis Through an Hourly Timestep Model in Comparison with a Daily Timestep Model," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 36(8), pages 2611-2622, June.
    4. Gabriela Cristina Ribeiro Pacheco & Conceição de Maria Albuquerque Alves, 2023. "The Influence of Deep Uncertainties in the Design and Performance of Residential Rainwater Harvesting Systems," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 37(4), pages 1499-1517, March.

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