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Alternative Water Resources for Rural Residential Development in Western Australia

Author

Listed:
  • Yan Zhang
  • Andrew Grant
  • Ashok Sharma
  • Donghui Chen
  • Liang Chen

Abstract

Rainwater collected from residential roofs and greywater generated from domestic uses except toilets are viewed as possible substitutes for high grade water sources which supply nonpotable indoor uses and irrigation in Australia. This paper searches for alternatives by adopting roofwater and greywater in residential envelope as per Australian water standards. A water balance model Aquacycle was applied to determine storage capacities and to evaluate the percentage reduction in water supplying, stormwater run-off and wastewater disposal, as well as volume of rainwater use and greywater reuse. This study provides the results of greywater recycling, which contributes to the greater saving of mains water supply than rainwater use, and which reduces more than half of the wastewater to receiving waters in the rural township of Cranbrook, Western Australia. The results of this study provide greywater usage (maximum reduction 32.5%) more significantly reduces scheme water supply than rainwater harvesting (maximum reduction 25.1%). Use of greywater on individual residential lots has the dramatic effect for drainage system by reduction approximately 54.1% or 88.1 m 3 /lot/year. The results of rainwater use analysis show explicitly that rainwater tanks are much more effective in intercepting roof runoff, with the maximum stormwater reduction 48.1% or 68.3 m 3 /lot/year. This research endeavours to offer a typical paradigm for an integrated water system in the rural residential sectors. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010

Suggested Citation

  • Yan Zhang & Andrew Grant & Ashok Sharma & Donghui Chen & Liang Chen, 2010. "Alternative Water Resources for Rural Residential Development in Western Australia," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 24(1), pages 25-36, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:waterr:v:24:y:2010:i:1:p:25-36
    DOI: 10.1007/s11269-009-9435-0
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wei, Hong & Li, Jian-Long & Liang, Tian-Gang, 2005. "Study on the estimation of precipitation resources for rainwater harvesting agriculture in semi-arid land of China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 71(1), pages 33-45, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Yongsheng Wang & Xiao Cui & Xinrong Zhang & Qi Wen, 2022. "Exploring the Sustainable Use Strategy of Scarce Water Resources for Rural Revitalization in Yanchi County from Arid Region of Northwest China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-13, December.
    2. do Couto, Eduardo de Aguiar & Calijuri, Maria Lúcia & Assemany, Paula Peixoto & Santiago, Aníbal da Fonseca & Carvalho, Isabella de Castro, 2013. "Greywater production in airports: Qualitative and quantitative assessment," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 44-51.
    3. Rahman, Ataur & Keane, Joseph & Imteaz, Monzur Alam, 2012. "Rainwater harvesting in Greater Sydney: Water savings, reliability and economic benefits," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 16-21.
    4. M. Molinos-Senante & F. Hernandez-Sancho & R. Sala-Garrido, 2013. "Tariffs and Cost Recovery in Water Reuse," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 27(6), pages 1797-1808, April.
    5. Weihua Zhang & Chaofu Wei & Jia Zhou, 2010. "Optimal Allocation of Rainfall in the Sichuan Basin, Southwest China," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 24(15), pages 4529-4549, December.
    6. Vieira, Abel S. & Beal, Cara D. & Ghisi, Enedir & Stewart, Rodney A., 2014. "Energy intensity of rainwater harvesting systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 225-242.
    7. Elissavet Feloni & Panagiotis T. Nastos, 2024. "Evaluating Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Water Scarcity Mitigation in Small Greek Islands under Climate Change," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-14, March.
    8. Thulo Ram Gurung & Rodney A. Stewart & Cara D. Beal & Ashok K. Sharma, 2016. "Investigating the Financial Implications and Viability of Diversified Water Supply Systems in an Urban Water Supply Zone," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 30(11), pages 4037-4051, September.
    9. Campisano, Alberto & Modica, Carlo, 2012. "Optimal sizing of storage tanks for domestic rainwater harvesting in Sicily," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 9-16.
    10. Aditi Mankad & Meng Chong & Ted Gardner & Ashok Sharma, 2012. "Examining Biophysical and Socio-Demographic Factors across Mandated Tank Users in Urban Australia: A Linking Step towards Achieving Best Practices," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 26(7), pages 1983-1998, May.
    11. Beata Piotrowska & Daniel Słyś, 2022. "Comprehensive Analysis of the State of Technology in the Field of Waste Heat Recovery from Grey Water," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-20, December.
    12. Dima Nazer & Maarten Siebel & Pieter Van der Zaag & Ziad Mimi & Huub Gijzen, 2010. "A Financial, Environmental and Social Evaluation of Domestic Water Management Options in the West Bank, Palestine," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 24(15), pages 4445-4467, December.
    13. Sonia Martínez & Jerónimo Pérez-Parra & Ricardo Suay, 2011. "Use of Ozone in Wastewater Treatment to Produce Water Suitable for Irrigation," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 25(9), pages 2109-2124, July.
    14. Enedir Ghisi & Pedro Schondermark, 2013. "Investment Feasibility Analysis of Rainwater Use in Residences," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 27(7), pages 2555-2576, May.
    15. Md. Islam & F. Chou & M. Kabir & C. Liaw, 2010. "Rainwater: A Potential Alternative Source for Scarce Safe Drinking and Arsenic Contaminated Water in Bangladesh," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 24(14), pages 3987-4008, November.
    16. Greg Barrett & Margaret Wallace, 2011. "An Institutional Economics Perspective: The Impact of Water Provider Privatisation on Water Conservation in England and Australia," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 25(5), pages 1325-1340, March.
    17. C. Vialle & C. Sablayrolles & M. Lovera & M.-C. Huau & S. Jacob & M. Montrejaud-Vignoles, 2012. "Water Quality Monitoring and Hydraulic Evaluation of a Household Roof Runoff Harvesting System in France," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 26(8), pages 2233-2241, June.

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