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Food deserts and food swamps in a Brazilian metropolis: comparison of methods to evaluate the community food environment in Belo Horizonte

Author

Listed:
  • Olivia Souza Honório

    (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais)

  • Paula Martins Horta

    (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais)

  • Milene Cristine Pessoa

    (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais)

  • Mariana Zogbi Jardim

    (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais)

  • Ariene Silva Carmo

    (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais)

  • Larissa Loures Mendes

    (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais)

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the community food environment, food deserts and food swamps using several methods in Belo Horizonte City, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Information on the community food environment was obtained from a comprehensive dataset collected from two secondary sources in the city. Analysis units comprised census tracts and buffers traced from the centroid of census tracts. Per-capita income was used as an explanatory variable. Five different methods, including one developed in Brazil, were used to identify and evaluate food deserts and food swamps throughout the city. The method from Brazil (which employs density of healthy establishments per 10,000 inhabitants) classified 37.7% of census tracts as food deserts. Food deserts were more frequent in the lowest-income tracts. Other methods gave food deserts lower values, and one method 2 (census tract) was similar to that found by the Brazilian method. The highest percentages of census tracts classified as food swamps were obtained using method 2 (mRFEI- percent healthy establishments, with 800 m buffer), with 66.6%, and using method 5 (density of outlets selling ultra-processed foods), with 58.5%. Food swamps were also found to be more frequent in the lowest-income tracts, especially when method 4 (count of unhealthy establishments) was applied. We conclude that most parts of Belo Horizonte provide easy physical access to retailers selling predominantly ultra-processed foods. Food deserts and food swamps were widely found, often in the same areas. The metric of food deserts and food swamps developed in Brazil was the most appropriate, because it considered specificities of the local food environment. In addition, it is necessary to improve existing food desert and wetland metrics. For example, include the income variable in these calculations.

Suggested Citation

  • Olivia Souza Honório & Paula Martins Horta & Milene Cristine Pessoa & Mariana Zogbi Jardim & Ariene Silva Carmo & Larissa Loures Mendes, 2022. "Food deserts and food swamps in a Brazilian metropolis: comparison of methods to evaluate the community food environment in Belo Horizonte," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 14(3), pages 695-707, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:ssefpa:v:14:y:2022:i:3:d:10.1007_s12571-021-01237-w
    DOI: 10.1007/s12571-021-01237-w
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Maria Alvim Leite & Maíra Macário Assis & Ariene Silva Carmo & Mário Círio Nogueira & Michele Pereira Netto & Larissa Loures Mendes, 2021. "Inequities in the urban food environment of a Brazilian city," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 13(3), pages 539-549, June.
    2. Hilmers, A. & Hilmers, D.C. & Dave, J., 2012. "Neighborhood disparities in access to healthy foods and their effects on environmental justice," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 102(9), pages 1644-1654.
    3. Jonathan Crush & Ndeyapo Nickanor & Lawrence Kazembe, 2018. "Informal Food Deserts and Household Food Insecurity in Windhoek, Namibia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-15, December.
    4. Douglas J. Besharov & Marianne Bitler & Steven J. Haider, 2011. "An economic view of food deserts in the united states," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 30(1), pages 153-176, December.
    5. Jiaojiao Li & Guobao Song & Henry Musoke Semakula & Yijie Dou & Shushen Zhang, 2019. "Food access inequalities in Chinese urban neighborhoods: a case study of the Dalian development zone," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 11(5), pages 1087-1099, October.
    6. Gemma Davies & Gina Frausin & Luke Parry, 2017. "Are There Food Deserts in Rainforest Cities?," Annals of the American Association of Geographers, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 107(4), pages 794-811, July.
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