Modelling the triple helix system innovation of the main economies from Latin America: a coalitional game theory approach

This paper investigates the individual and collective scientific contributions carried out by the Triple Helix (University, Industry, and Government) in the areas that are considered of significant impact on innovation, such as Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in the leading economies of Latin American, a zone with limited innovation systems and has experienced many changes in its political and economic structure in recent years. Three cooperative game theory metrics (core, shapley value, and nucleolus) were used to model each player’s individual and collective strength to create and maintain synergy. Bibliometric information on STEM areas was collected from the innovation systems of Brazil, Mexico, Chile, and Argentina; all this information was gathered from the Web of Science for ten years (2010–2020). The findings highlight that while universities play a central role in all four countries, government and industry involvement varies, with notable individual government participation in Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico; this scenario reflects that research is often conducted in isolation, marked by agility rather than collaborative efforts, frequently impeded by the extensive time required for organization and navigating bureaucratic processes. In contrast, Chile’s approach to collaboration, integrating government, industry, and universities, stands out for its efficient synergy and communication; it leverages the universities’ deep expertise, ensuring a balanced and effective participation in research across all sectors. This analysis reveals the diverse dynamics and collaborative patterns in these Latin American countries.