IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/jknowl/v15y2024i1d10.1007_s13132-023-01201-3.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Testing the Relationship Between Income and Expenditure of a Statutory Organization: Cointegration and Causality Approach

Author

Listed:
  • Neha Rajput

    (Guru Nanak Dev University)

  • G. S. Bhalla

    (Guru Nanak Dev University)

Abstract

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) are the environmental institutions in India for the management and regulation of environmental laws. The purpose of this paper is to study the causality between income and expenditure of the CPCB. The data was collected from 1983 to 2020 from the annual reports of the CPCB. A unit root test has been applied in this study to test the stationarity of data. Johansen cointegration test is applied to determine the long-run relationship among variables. For determining optimum lag, the VAR lag order selection criterion has been applied. The VECM has been applied to study the direction of the causal relationship between income and expenditure of the CPCB. The result suggested stationarity of total income and expenditure at the first difference and second difference. There is a unidirectional causal relationship among variables that is found from total income to total expenditure in the long run. No short-run causal relationships among variables are found in this study. Thus, findings suggest that any change in the total income of the CPCB will induce a change in its total expenditure.

Suggested Citation

  • Neha Rajput & G. S. Bhalla, 2024. "Testing the Relationship Between Income and Expenditure of a Statutory Organization: Cointegration and Causality Approach," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(1), pages 4338-4355, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:jknowl:v:15:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1007_s13132-023-01201-3
    DOI: 10.1007/s13132-023-01201-3
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13132-023-01201-3
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s13132-023-01201-3?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. MacKinnon, James G & Haug, Alfred A & Michelis, Leo, 1999. "Numerical Distribution Functions of Likelihood Ratio Tests for Cointegration," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(5), pages 563-577, Sept.-Oct.
    2. Paresh Kumar Narayan & Russell Smyth, 2004. "The Race that Stops a Nation: The Demand for the Melbourne Cup," The Economic Record, The Economic Society of Australia, vol. 80(249), pages 193-207, June.
    3. Gordon L. Brady & Cosimo Magazzino, 2019. "Government Expenditures and Revenues in Italy in a Long-run Perspective," Journal of Quantitative Economics, Springer;The Indian Econometric Society (TIES), vol. 17(2), pages 361-375, June.
    4. Hyunjoo Kim Karlsson, 2020. "Investigation of the time-dependent dynamics between government revenue and expenditure in China: a wavelet approach," Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(2), pages 250-269, April.
    5. Fisman, Raymond & Gatti, Roberta, 2002. "Decentralization and corruption: evidence across countries," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(3), pages 325-345, March.
    6. Gilles Mourre & Adriana Reut, 2019. "Non-tax revenue in the European Union: A source of fiscal risk?," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 26(1), pages 198-223, February.
    7. Neelesh Gounder & Paresh Kumar Narayan & Arti Prasad, 2007. "An empirical investigation of the relationship between government revenue and expenditure," International Journal of Social Economics, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 34(3), pages 147-158, February.
    8. Zivot, Eric & Andrews, Donald W K, 2002. "Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 20(1), pages 25-44, January.
    9. Paresh Kumar Narayan & Russell Smyth, 2003. "Attendance and pricing at sporting events: empirical results from Granger Causality Tests for the Melbourne Cup," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(15), pages 1649-1657.
    10. Mr. Qing Wang & Mr. Ugo Fasano-Filho, 2002. "Testing the Relationship Between Government Spending and Revenue: Evidence From GCC Countries," IMF Working Papers 2002/201, International Monetary Fund.
    11. Tahir Sadiq, 2010. "The Causality between Revenues and Expenditure of the Federal and Provincial Governments of Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 49(4), pages 651-662.
    12. Michele Dalena & Cosimo Magazzino, 2012. "Public Expenditure and Revenue in Italy, 1862–1993," Economic Notes, Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena SpA, vol. 41(3), pages 145-172, November.
    13. Payne, James E, 1998. "The Tax-Spend Debate: Time Series Evidence from State Budgets," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 95(3-4), pages 307-320, June.
    14. Paresh Kumar Narayan & Seema Narayan, 2006. "Government revenue and government expenditure nexus: evidence from developing countries," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(3), pages 285-291.
    15. Alan T. Peacock & Jack Wiseman, 1961. "The Growth of Public Expenditure in the United Kingdom," NBER Books, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number peac61-1.
    16. Ahmad Zubaidi Baharumshah & Aliyu Alhaji Jibrilla & Abdalla Sirag & Hamisu Sadi Ali & Ibrahim Muye Muhammad, 2016. "Public Revenue-Expenditure Nexus in South Africa: Are there Asymmetries?," South African Journal of Economics, Economic Society of South Africa, vol. 84(4), pages 520-537, December.
    17. Meltzer, Allan H & Richard, Scott F, 1981. "A Rational Theory of the Size of Government," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 89(5), pages 914-927, October.
    18. Magazzino, Cosimo, 2013. "Revenue and expenditure nexus: A case study of ECOWAS," Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal (2007-2020), Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel), vol. 7, pages 1-27.
    19. Johansen, Soren, 1988. "Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 12(2-3), pages 231-254.
    20. Narayan, Paresh Kumar, 2005. "The government revenue and government expenditure nexus: empirical evidence from nine Asian countries," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 15(6), pages 1203-1216, January.
    21. Søren Johansen & Katarina Juselius, 1990. "Some Structural Hypotheses in a Multivariate Cointegration Analysis of the Purchasing Power Parity and the Uncovered Interest Parity for UK," Discussion Papers 90-05, University of Copenhagen. Department of Economics.
    22. Biljana Tashevska & Borce Trenovski & Marija Trpkova - Nestorovska, 2020. "The Government Revenue–Expenditure Nexus in Southeast Europe: A Bootstrap Panel Granger-Causality Approach," Eastern European Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 58(4), pages 309-326, July.
    23. Khurram Ejaz Chandia & Muhammad Badar Iqbal & Saira Aziz & Ifra Gul & Binesh Sarwar, 2022. "An Analysis Of The Management Of Fiscal Deficit Of Pakistan: An Econometric Study Of Auto-Regressive Distributive Lags (Ardl) Approach," The Singapore Economic Review (SER), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 67(02), pages 655-684, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Oyeyinka OMOSHORO-JONES, 2020. "Investigating The Government Revenue–Expenditure Nexus: Empirical Evidence For The Free State Province In A Multivariate Model," Theoretical and Practical Research in the Economic Fields, ASERS Publishing, vol. 11(2), pages 138-156.
    2. Emre BULUT & Dilek ÇİL, 2024. "Asymmetric Causality Relationship Between Public Expenditures and Tax Revenues: Transition Economies Case," Sosyoekonomi Journal, Sosyoekonomi Society, issue 32(60).
    3. Dizaji, Sajjad Faraji, 2014. "The effects of oil shocks on government expenditures and government revenues nexus (with an application to Iran's sanctions)," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 299-313.
    4. Krasnopeeva, Natalia, 2023. "Revenues and expenditures of Russian regional budgets: Granger causality analysis," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 70, pages 5-33.
    5. Obeng, Samuel, 2015. "A Causality Test of the Revenue-Expenditure Nexus in Ghana," MPRA Paper 63735, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 25 Feb 2015.
    6. Narayan, Paresh Kumar, 2005. "The government revenue and government expenditure nexus: empirical evidence from nine Asian countries," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 15(6), pages 1203-1216, January.
    7. A. Phiri, 2019. "Asymmetries in the revenue–expenditure nexus: new evidence from South Africa," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 56(5), pages 1515-1547, May.
    8. Takumah, Wisdom, 2014. "The Dynamic Causal Relationship between Government Revenue and Government Expenditure Nexus in Ghana," MPRA Paper 58579, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Ibrahim, Taofik, 2018. "Government expenditure-revenue nexus reconsidered for Nigeria: Does structural break matter?," MPRA Paper 86220, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 21 Oct 2017.
    10. Eita, Joel Hinaunye & Mbazima, Daisy, 2008. "The Causal Relationship Between Government Revenue and Expenditure in Namibia," MPRA Paper 9154, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    11. Francisco de Castro & José M. González-Páramo & Pablo Hernández de Cos, 2001. "Evaluating the dynamics of fiscal policy in Spain: patterns of interdependence and consistency of public expenditure and revenues," Working Papers 0103, Banco de España.
    12. Yaya Keho, 2010. "Spending Cuts or Tax Adjustments: How Can UEMOA Countries Control Their Budget Deficits?," International Journal of Business and Economics, School of Management Development, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, vol. 9(3), pages 233-252, December.
    13. Ntokozo Patrick Nzimande & Harold Ngalawa, 2022. "Tax-Spend or Spend-Tax? The Case of Southern Africa," Economies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-10, April.
    14. Aliyu Alhaji Jibrilla, 2016. "Fiscal sustainability in the presence of structural breaks: Does overconfidence on resource exports hurt government’s ability to finance debt? Evidence from Nigeria," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 4(1), pages 1170317-117, December.
    15. Mihai Mutascu, 2015. "Government revenues and expenditures in the EU ex-communist countries: a bootstrap panel Granger causality approach," Working Papers halshs-01109233, HAL.
    16. Biswajit Maitra, 2011. "Tax-and-Spend Principle in Budget Management in Sri Lanka in the Post-reform Period," Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, National Council of Applied Economic Research, vol. 5(3), pages 343-359, August.
    17. Paresh Kumar Narayan & Seema Narayan, 2006. "Government revenue and government expenditure nexus: evidence from developing countries," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(3), pages 285-291.
    18. Shyh-Wei Chen, 2008. "Untangling the web of causalities among four disaggregate government expenditures, government revenue and output in Taiwan," Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 6(1), pages 99-107.
    19. Yousef Elyasi & Mohammad Rahimi, 2012. "The Causality between Government Revenue and Government Expenditure in Iran," International Journal of Business and Economic Sciences Applied Research (IJBESAR), International Hellenic University (IHU), Kavala Campus, Greece (formerly Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology - EMaTTech), vol. 5(1), pages 129-145, April.
    20. Dervis Kirikkaleli & Bugra Ozbeser, 2023. "Government Expenditures and Tax Revenues in the United States of America," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(1), pages 21582440231, March.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:jknowl:v:15:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1007_s13132-023-01201-3. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.