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Dissipative systems have a maximum energy rate density of 105 W/kg

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  • Martin Duin

Abstract

Mass and energy rate (ER) data have been collected for a wide variety of dissipative systems from the biological, cultural, and cosmological realms. They range from 6 × 10–25 kg and 3 × 10–25 W for a synthetic, molecular engine to 1.5 × 1053 kg and 1048 W for the observable universe and, thus, span 78 mass and 73 ER orders of magnitude, respectively. The combination of (i) convergence of smaller systems (parts) to a larger system and (ii) scaling of ER as a function of mass with a power law constant β > 0 for groups of systems, explains why the ER and mass data points fall in a diagonal band in the double logarithmic ER vs. mass master plot. There appears to be an ER vs. mass limit, corresponding to an energy rate density (ERD = ER/mass) of around 105 W/kg, separating stable, dissipative systems from unstable, “explosive” systems (atomic weapons, supernova, etc.) in all realms. This limit is probably the result of a balance between the energy flow through a system, resulting in increased temperature and pressure, and the strength of the system’s structure and boundary. ERD has been proposed as a metric for the development of the complexity of dissipative systems over deep time Chaisson (Cosmic evolution; The rise of complexity in nature. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2002), Chaisson (Sci World J 384912, 2014). Thus, the observed ERD threshold of 105 W/kg may correspond to a maximum of complexity. Several ways to further increase complexity while circumventing this ERD limit are proposed. Graphical abstract

Suggested Citation

  • Martin Duin, 2024. "Dissipative systems have a maximum energy rate density of 105 W/kg," The European Physical Journal B: Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, Springer;EDP Sciences, vol. 97(11), pages 1-11, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:spr:eurphb:v:97:y:2024:i:11:d:10.1140_epjb_s10051-024-00785-2
    DOI: 10.1140/epjb/s10051-024-00785-2
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    1. Isalgue, Antonio & Coch, Helena & Serra, Rafael, 2007. "Scaling laws and the modern city," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 382(2), pages 643-649.
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