IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/eujoag/v18y2021i3d10.1007_s10433-020-00587-2.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Education, wealth, and duration of life expected in various degrees of frailty

Author

Listed:
  • Zachary Zimmer

    (Mount Saint Vincent University)

  • Yasuhiko Saito

    (Nihon University)

  • Olga Theou

    (Dalhousie University
    Dalhousie University)

  • Clove Haviva

    (Dalhousie University)

  • Kenneth Rockwood

    (Dalhousie University)

Abstract

Multistate life tables are used to estimate life expected in three frailty states: frailty free, mild/moderate frailty, severe frailty. Estimates are provided for the combination of education and wealth by age, stratified by sex. Data consider 17,115 cases from the Health and Retirement Study, 2000–2014. Frailty is measured using a 59 item frailty index based on deficit accumulation. Estimates are derived using stochastic population analysis for complex events. Population-based and status-based results are reported. Findings confirm a hypothesis that the combination of higher education and wealth results in longer lives in more favorable degrees of frailty. Also, as hypothesized, wealth generally affords a greater advantage than does education among those with severe frailty at baseline. For instance, high wealth provides a 70-year-old woman with severe frailty at baseline 0.70 more total years and 0.81 more frailty free years then her counterpart with low wealth, compared to gains of 0.39 and 0.54, respectively, for those with high education. Unexpectedly, wealth also has a greater role among those frailty free at baseline. A 70-year-old woman frailty free at baseline with high wealth lives 3.19 more net years and 4.13 more years frailty free than her counterpart with low wealth, while the same comparison for high versus low education indicates advantages of 2.00 total and 1.96 frailty free years. Relative change ratios also indicate more robust results for wealth versus education. In sum, there is evidence that inequality in duration of life in degrees of frailty is socially patterned.

Suggested Citation

  • Zachary Zimmer & Yasuhiko Saito & Olga Theou & Clove Haviva & Kenneth Rockwood, 2021. "Education, wealth, and duration of life expected in various degrees of frailty," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 18(3), pages 393-404, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:eujoag:v:18:y:2021:i:3:d:10.1007_s10433-020-00587-2
    DOI: 10.1007/s10433-020-00587-2
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10433-020-00587-2
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s10433-020-00587-2?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Melissa K Andrew & Arnold B Mitnitski & Kenneth Rockwood, 2008. "Social Vulnerability, Frailty and Mortality in Elderly People," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 3(5), pages 1-8, May.
    2. Marie Herr & Jean-Jacques Arvieu & Joël Ankri & Jean-Marie Robine, 2018. "What is the duration of life expectancy in the state of frailty? Estimates in the SIPAF study," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 15(2), pages 165-173, June.
    3. Emmanuelle Cambois & Jean-Marie Robine & Mark Hayward, 2001. "Social inequalities in disability-free life expectancy in the french male population, 1980–1991," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 38(4), pages 513-524, November.
    4. Pamela Herd & Brian Goesling & James S. House, "undated". "Socioeconomic Position and Health: The Differential Effects of Education versus Income on the Onset versus Progression of Health Problems," Mathematica Policy Research Reports 441d34cf576545a8b8bd05ca7, Mathematica Policy Research.
    5. Crimmins, E.M. & Zhang, Y. & Saito, Y., 2016. "Trends over 4 decades in disability-free life expectancy in the United States," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 106(7), pages 1287-1293.
    6. Aïda Solé-Auró & Hiram Beltrán-Sánchez & Eileen Crimmins, 2015. "Are Differences in Disability-Free Life Expectancy by Gender, Race, and Education Widening at Older Ages?," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 34(1), pages 1-18, February.
    7. Liming Cai & Eileen Crimmins & Yasuhiko Saito & Mark D. Hayward & James Lubitz & Aaron Hagedorn, 2010. "Estimation of multi-state life table functions and their variability from complex survey data using the SPACE Program," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 22(6), pages 129-158.
    8. Guralnik, J.M. & Alecxih, L. & Branch, L.G. & Wiener, J.M., 2002. "Medical and long-term care costs when older persons become more dependent," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 92(8), pages 1244-1245.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Aïda Solé-Auró & Dorly J. H. Deeg, 2021. "New thinking about health expectancy: introduction to the special section," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 18(4), pages 439-441, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Md Shariful Islam & Md Ismail Tareque & Md Nazrul Islam Mondal & Ahbab Mohammad Fazle Rabbi & Hafiz T A Khan & Sharifa Begum, 2017. "Urban-rural differences in disability-free life expectancy in Bangladesh using the 2010 HIES data," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(7), pages 1-13, July.
    2. Bavafa, Hessam & Mukherjee, Anita & Welch, Tyler Q., 2023. "Inequality in the golden years: Wealth gradients in disability-free and work-free longevity in the United States," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    3. Yi Ge & Guangfei Yang & Yi Chen & Wen Dou, 2019. "Examining Social Vulnerability and Inequality: A Joint Analysis through a Connectivity Lens in the Urban Agglomerations of China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-19, February.
    4. Svenja M. Spuling & Oliver Huxhold & Susanne Wurm, 2017. "Predictors of Self-Rated Health: Does Education Play a Role Above and Beyond Age?," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 72(3), pages 415-424.
    5. Gilles Le Garrec & Stéphane Lhuissier, 2011. "Life expectancy, heavy work and the return to education: lessons for the social security reform," SciencePo Working papers Main hal-01069511, HAL.
    6. Chi-Tsun Chiu, 2019. "Living arrangements and disability-free life expectancy in the United States," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(2), pages 1-16, February.
    7. Sunde, Uwe & Cervellati, Matteo, 2007. "Human Capital, Mortality and Fertility: A Unified Theory of the Economic and Demographic Transition," CEPR Discussion Papers 6384, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    8. Judith D. Weissman & David Russell & Patricia Ansah & Melanie Jay, 2019. "Disparities in Healthcare Utilization Among Adults with Obesity in the United States, Findings from the NHIS: 2006–2015," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 38(3), pages 403-415, June.
    9. Shervin Assari, 2018. "Parental Education Better Helps White than Black Families Escape Poverty: National Survey of Children’s Health," Economies, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-14, May.
    10. Dermatis Zacharias & Anastasiou Athanasios, 2020. "Monitoring of the Results through a Survey Concerning the Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Elderly Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS): A Case Study in Greece," International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development, Inovatus Services Ltd., vol. 6(3), pages 36-45, August.
    11. A. Remund & S. Cullati & S. Sieber & C. Burton-Jeangros & M. Oris, 2019. "Longer and healthier lives for all? Successes and failures of a universal consumer-driven healthcare system, Switzerland, 1990–2014," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 64(8), pages 1173-1181, November.
    12. Hyungmin Cha & Mark D. Hayward & Chi-Tsun Chiu & Mateo Farina, 2024. "The importance of education for understanding variability of dementia onset in the United States," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 50(26), pages 733-762.
    13. Maria Gabriella Melchiorre & Carlos Chiatti & Giovanni Lamura & Francisco Torres-Gonzales & Mindaugas Stankunas & Jutta Lindert & Elisabeth Ioannidi-Kapolou & Henrique Barros & Gloria Macassa & Joaqui, 2013. "Social Support, Socio-Economic Status, Health and Abuse among Older People in Seven European Countries," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(1), pages 1-10, January.
    14. Aïda Solé-Auró & Dorly J. H. Deeg, 2021. "New thinking about health expectancy: introduction to the special section," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 18(4), pages 439-441, December.
    15. Karraker, Amelia & Schoeni, Robert F. & Cornman, Jennifer C., 2015. "Psychological and cognitive determinants of mortality: Evidence from a nationally representative sample followed over thirty-five years," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 69-78.
    16. Fenton, Anny T. & Elliott, Marc N. & Schwebel, David C. & Berkowitz, Zahava & Liddon, Nicole C. & Tortolero, Susan R. & Cuccaro, Paula M. & Davies, Suzy L. & Schuster, Mark A., 2018. "Unequal interactions: Examining the role of patient-centered care in reducing inequitable diffusion of a medical innovation, the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 238-248.
    17. Margie E Lachman & Stefan Agrigoroaei, 2010. "Promoting Functional Health in Midlife and Old Age: Long-Term Protective Effects of Control Beliefs, Social Support, and Physical Exercise," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 5(10), pages 1-9, October.
    18. Dalstra, J.A.A. & Kunst, A.E. & Mackenbach, J.P., 2006. "A comparative appraisal of the relationship of education, income and housing tenure with less than good health among the elderly in Europe," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 62(8), pages 2046-2060, April.
    19. Zhang, Hao & Bago d’Uva, Teresa & van Doorslaer, Eddy, 2015. "The gender health gap in China: A decomposition analysis," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 13-26.
    20. Jennifer Van Hook & Claire Altman, 2013. "Using Discrete-Time Event History Fertility Models to Simulate Total Fertility Rates and Other Fertility Measures," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 32(4), pages 585-610, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:eujoag:v:18:y:2021:i:3:d:10.1007_s10433-020-00587-2. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.