IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/endesu/v25y2023i1d10.1007_s10668-021-02062-z.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Do financial development, economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness contribute to increase carbon emission in Pakistan? An insight based on ARDL bound testing approach

Author

Listed:
  • Muhammad Usman

    (Wuhan University
    Government College University)

  • Rakhshanda Kousar

    (University of Agriculture)

  • Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum

    (Government College University)

  • Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen

    (Government College University)

  • Abdul Majeed Nadeem

    (Government College University)

Abstract

Primarily, the current study seeks to explore the influence of financial development, economic growth, trade openness, non-renewable and renewable energy utilization on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in Pakistan from 1990 to 2017. The findings of structural break unit root tests indicated that a few variables are stationary at the level and others integrated at the first difference. The bound F-test and Johansen cointegration tests confirmed the evidence that a long-run relationship exists among concerned variables. The long-run results explore that financial development and renewable energy penetration significantly accelerate the environmental quality, while economic growth, non-renewable energy utilization, and trade openness are responsible for deteriorating the environmental quality. The results from the short-run estimate explore that non-renewable energy utilization and trade openness significantly reduce the environmental quality while renewable energy sources are beneficial for environmental quality. Moreover, the current study discovered the unidirectional Granger causality relationship from economic growth, trade openness, non-renewable and renewable energy penetration to carbon emission in Pakistan. The outcomes of this study provide some insightful policy suggestions to overcome the detrimental effect of environmental degradation.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Usman & Rakhshanda Kousar & Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum & Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen & Abdul Majeed Nadeem, 2023. "Do financial development, economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness contribute to increase carbon emission in Pakistan? An insight based on ARDL bound testing approach," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(1), pages 444-473, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:25:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1007_s10668-021-02062-z
    DOI: 10.1007/s10668-021-02062-z
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10668-021-02062-z
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s10668-021-02062-z?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Khan, Saleheen & Tahir, Mohammad Iqbal, 2013. "The dynamic links between energy consumption, economic growth, financial development and trade in China: Fresh evidence from multivariate framework analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 8-21.
    2. Eyup DOGAN, 2014. "Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from Low-Income Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 4(2), pages 154-162.
    3. Werner Antweiler & Brian R. Copeland & M. Scott Taylor, 2001. "Is Free Trade Good for the Environment?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 91(4), pages 877-908, September.
    4. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Lean, Hooi Hooi, 2012. "Does financial development increase energy consumption? The role of industrialization and urbanization in Tunisia," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 473-479.
    5. Perron, Pierre, 1997. "Further evidence on breaking trend functions in macroeconomic variables," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 80(2), pages 355-385, October.
    6. Usman, Muhammad & Khalid, Khaizran & Mehdi, Muhammad Abuzar, 2021. "What determines environmental deficit in Asia? Embossing the role of renewable and non-renewable energy utilization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 1165-1176.
    7. Ibrahim D. Raheem & Aviral K. Tiwari & Daniel Balsalobre-lorente, 2019. "The Role of ICT and Financial Development on CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute. 19/058, African Governance and Development Institute..
    8. Kim, Dong-Hyeon & Suen, Yu-Bo & Lin, Shu-Chin, 2019. "Carbon dioxide emissions and trade: Evidence from disaggregate trade data," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 13-28.
    9. Brian R. Copeland & M. Scott Taylor, 2009. "Trade, Tragedy, and the Commons," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 99(3), pages 725-749, June.
    10. Zivot, Eric & Andrews, Donald W K, 2002. "Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 20(1), pages 25-44, January.
    11. Aliya Zhakanova Isiksal, 2021. "The financial sector expansion effect on renewable electricity production: case of the BRICS countries," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(6), pages 9029-9051, June.
    12. Usman, Muhammad & Makhdum, Muhammad Sohail Amjad, 2021. "What abates ecological footprint in BRICS-T region? Exploring the influence of renewable energy, non-renewable energy, agriculture, forest area and financial development," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 12-28.
    13. Charfeddine, Lanouar & Kahia, Montassar, 2019. "Impact of renewable energy consumption and financial development on CO2 emissions and economic growth in the MENA region: A panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 198-213.
    14. Usman, Muhammad & Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel & Jahanger, Atif & Ahmad, Paiman, 2022. "Pollution concern during globalization mode in financially resource-rich countries: Do financial development, natural resources, and renewable energy consumption matter?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 90-102.
    15. Munir, Qaiser & Lean, Hooi Hooi & Smyth, Russell, 2020. "CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in the ASEAN-5 countries: A cross-sectional dependence approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
    16. Zhang, Yue-Jun, 2011. "The impact of financial development on carbon emissions: An empirical analysis in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(4), pages 2197-2203, April.
    17. Abbasi, Kashif Raza & Abbas, Jaffar & Tufail, Muhammad, 2021. "Revisiting electricity consumption, price, and real GDP: A modified sectoral level analysis from Pakistan," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    18. M. Hashem Pesaran & Yongcheol Shin & Richard J. Smith, 2001. "Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(3), pages 289-326.
    19. Destek, Mehmet Akif & Ulucak, Recep & Dogan, Eyüp, 2018. "Analyzing the Environmental Kuznets Curve for the EU countries: The role of ecological footprint," MPRA Paper 106882, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    20. Liddle, Brantley, 2018. "Consumption-based accounting and the trade-carbon emissions nexus," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 71-78.
    21. Johansen, Soren, 1988. "Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 12(2-3), pages 231-254.
    22. Abbasi, Kashif Raza & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Jiao, Zhilun & Tufail, Muhammad, 2021. "How energy consumption, industrial growth, urbanization, and CO2 emissions affect economic growth in Pakistan? A novel dynamic ARDL simulations approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
    23. Rabail Amna Intisar & Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen & Rakhshanda Kousar & Muhammad Usman & Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum, 2020. "Impact of Trade Openness and Human Capital on Economic Growth: A Comparative Investigation of Asian Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-19, April.
    24. Abbasi, Kashif & Jiao, Zhilun & Khan, Arman & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2020. "Asymmetric impact of renewable and non-renewable energy on economic growth in Pakistan: New evidence from a nonlinear analysis," MPRA Paper 101854, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 13 Jul 2020.
    25. Assi, Ala Fathi & Zhakanova Isiksal, Aliya & Tursoy, Turgut, 2020. "Highlighting the connection between financial development and consumption of energy in countries with the highest economic freedom," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Li, Zhiyuan & Patel, Nikunj & Liu, Jiayang & Kautish, Pradeep, 2023. "Natural resources-environmental sustainability-socio-economic drivers nexus: Insights from panel quantile regression analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PB).
    2. Yan, Chen & Murshed, Muntasir & Ozturk, Ilhan & Siddik, Abu Bakkar & Ghardallou, Wafa & Khudoykulov, Khurshid, 2023. "Decarbonization blueprints for developing countries: The role of energy productivity, renewable energy, and financial development in environmental improvement," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    3. Asif Khan & Madiha Awais & Kashif Bilal Majeed & Humaira Beenish & Muhammad Rashad, 2024. "Assessing the Impact of Technological Innovations and Trade Openness on Environmental Sustainability: An Empirical Study of South Asian Economies Using Panel ARDL Approach," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 13(2), pages 243-250.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Kumar, Ronald Ravinesh & Zakaria, Muhammad & Hurr, Maryam, 2017. "Carbon emission, energy consumption, trade openness and financial development in Pakistan: A revisit," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 185-192.
    2. Muhammad Usman & Atif Jahanger & Magdalena Radulescu & Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente, 2022. "Do Nuclear Energy, Renewable Energy, and Environmental-Related Technologies Asymmetrically Reduce Ecological Footprint? Evidence from Pakistan," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-24, May.
    3. Abbasi, Kashif Raza & Adedoyin, Festus Fatai & Abbas, Jaffar & Hussain, Khadim, 2021. "The impact of energy depletion and renewable energy on CO2 emissions in Thailand: Fresh evidence from the novel dynamic ARDL simulation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 1439-1450.
    4. Abbasi, Kashif Raza & Hussain, Khadim & Redulescu, Magdalena & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2021. "Does natural resources depletion and economic growth achieve the carbon neutrality target of the UK? A way forward towards sustainable development," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    5. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Hoang, Thi Hong Van & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Roubaud, David, 2017. "Energy consumption, financial development and economic growth in India: New evidence from a nonlinear and asymmetric analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 199-212.
    6. Minhaj Ali & Shujahat Haider Hashmi & Yasir Habib & Dervis Kirikkaleli, 2024. "The asymmetric impact of public–private partnership investment in energy on CO2 emissions in Pakistan," Energy & Environment, , vol. 35(4), pages 2131-2150, June.
    7. Abbasi, Kashif Raza & Hussain, Khadim & Radulescu, Magdalena & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2022. "Asymmetric impact of renewable and non-renewable energy on the industrial sector in Pakistan: Fresh evidence from Bayesian and non-linear ARDL," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 944-957.
    8. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Hye, Qazi Muhammad Adnan & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Leitão, Nuno Carlos, 2013. "Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in Indonesia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 109-121.
    9. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Khraief, Naceur & Uddin, Gazi Salah & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2014. "Environmental Kuznets curve in an open economy: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Tunisia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 325-336.
    10. Charfeddine, Lanouar & Ben Khediri, Karim, 2016. "Financial development and environmental quality in UAE: Cointegration with structural breaks," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 1322-1335.
    11. Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Babu, M. Suresh & Loganathan, Nanthakumar & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2017. "Does financial development intensify energy consumption in Saudi Arabia?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 1022-1034.
    12. Abbasi, Kashif Raza & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Zhang, Jinjun & Irfan, Muhammad & Alvarado, Rafael, 2022. "Analyze the environmental sustainability factors of China: The role of fossil fuel energy and renewable energy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 390-402.
    13. Ahmed, Khalid & Bhattacharya, Mita & Qazi, Ahmer Qasim & Long, Wei, 2016. "Energy consumption in China and underlying factors in a changing landscape: Empirical evidence since the reform period," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 224-234.
    14. Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Villanthenkodath, Muhammed Ashiq & Mallick, Hrushikesh & Gupta, Monika, 2021. "Assessing the effectiveness of total foreign aid and foreign energy aid inflows on environmental quality in India," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    15. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Mallick, Hrushikesh & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Sadorsky, Perry, 2016. "The role of globalization on the recent evolution of energy demand in India: Implications for sustainable development," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 52-68.
    16. Shahriyar Mukhtarov & Jeyhun I. Mikayilov & Jeyhun Mammadov & Elvin Mammadov, 2018. "The Impact of Financial Development on Energy Consumption: Evidence from an Oil-Rich Economy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-14, June.
    17. Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel & Bekun, Festus Victor & Etokakpan, Mfonobong Udom & Driha, Oana M., 2019. "A road to enhancements in natural gas use in Iran: A multivariate modelling approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    18. Khan, Saleheen & Jam, Farooq Ahmed & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Mamun, Md Al, 2018. "Electricity Consumption, Economic Growth and Trade Openness in Kazakhstan: Evidence from Cointegration and Causality," MPRA Paper 87977, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 14 Jul 2018.
    19. Zheng, Li & Abbasi, Kashif Raza & Salem, Sultan & Irfan, Muhammad & Alvarado, Rafael & Lv, Kangjuan, 2022. "How technological innovation and institutional quality affect sectoral energy consumption in Pakistan? Fresh policy insights from novel econometric approach," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
    20. Ouyang, Yaofu & Li, Peng, 2018. "On the nexus of financial development, economic growth, and energy consumption in China: New perspective from a GMM panel VAR approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 238-252.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:25:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1007_s10668-021-02062-z. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.