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Scaling-up heterotrophic cultures of C. Pyrenoidosa microalgae for sustainable synthesis of low-density biodiesel mixtures and predict CI engine behavior at optimal proportions

Author

Listed:
  • Ashwin Jacob

    (Vellore Institute of Technology)

  • B. Ashok

    (Vellore Institute of Technology)

  • Hwai Chyuan Ong

    (University of Technology Sydney)

  • Phung Thi Kim Le

    (Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT))

Abstract

Sustainable fuel production techniques and feedstocks are essential to meet the future energy demand. In this context, the present study is aimed at sustainably producing low-density biodiesel from Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae by heterotrophic means and processed using enzymatic transesterification. To assess the potential of the low-density biodiesel, the fatty acid methyl profile is analyzed and homogenized with diesel fuel at 10, 20, 30, and 40% (v/v/) and tested in a light commercial compression ignition engine at maximum throttle pedal position condition. Furthermore, to identify the optimal mixture proportion and predict the engine outputs, statistical tools like multivariate principal component analysis–desirability approach are employed. From the study, it was inferred that the biomass concentrations of the cultures from 100, 200, and 300L stir tank bioreactor reached up to 5.15, 4.24, and 4.36 g/L on scaling-up. The maximum biodiesel conversion rate of 98% was achieved at an optimal reaction time of 12 h and temperature of 37 °C during enzymatic transesterification. During engine testing, the lowest fuel consumption of 0.41 kg/kWh was attained at full load condition while operating on 40% biodiesel composition. At 20% biodiesel composition, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxides, and smoke emissions reduce by 44.26, 23.55, and 11.69% as compared to diesel fuel at full load condition. Maximum in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate were achieved by CP30D70 at full load condition as compared to diesel fuel. The optimal biodiesel proportion was identified as 20 and 30% based on the cluster similarly index of 89.67% and desirability value.

Suggested Citation

  • Ashwin Jacob & B. Ashok & Hwai Chyuan Ong & Phung Thi Kim Le, 2023. "Scaling-up heterotrophic cultures of C. Pyrenoidosa microalgae for sustainable synthesis of low-density biodiesel mixtures and predict CI engine behavior at optimal proportions," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(1), pages 400-422, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:25:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1007_s10668-021-02060-1
    DOI: 10.1007/s10668-021-02060-1
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Katiyar, Richa & Gurjar, B.R. & Bharti, Randhir K. & Kumar, Amit & Biswas, Shalini & Pruthi, Vikas, 2017. "Heterotrophic cultivation of microalgae in photobioreactor using low cost crude glycerol for enhanced biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1359-1365.
    2. Maroua El Ouaer & Nejib Turki & Amjad Kallel & Mansour Halaoui & Ismail Trabelsi & Abdennaceur Hassen, 2020. "Recovery of landfill leachate as culture medium for two microalgae: Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 22(3), pages 2651-2671, March.
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