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Frames of Reference in Self-Reports of Health, Well-Being, Fatigue, and Pain: a Qualitative Examination

Author

Listed:
  • Doerte U. Junghaenel

    (USC Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science & Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California)

  • Joan E. Broderick

    (USC Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science & Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California)

  • Stefan Schneider

    (USC Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science & Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California)

  • Marcella May

    (USC Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science & Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California)

  • Alicia Bolton

    (USC Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science & Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California)

  • Kelly P. McCarrier

    (Health Research Associates (HRA))

  • Larissa M. Stassek

    (Health Research Associates (HRA))

  • Sarah C. Keithly

    (Health Research Associates (HRA))

  • Arthur A. Stone

    (USC Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science & Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California)

Abstract

Self-reports in survey research can be affected by internal comparison standards, or Frames of Reference (FoRs), that people apply when making their ratings. The goal of this study was to determine which FoRs people naturally use when rating their health, subjective well-being, fatigue, and pain. We further examined whether FoRs varied by content domain and age group. One hundred adults from a community sample of the US general population participated in individual semi-structured qualitative interviews. Participants provided self-report ratings on two of the four content domains and were then systematically queried about FoRs. Interview responses were summarized and coded into broad FoR categories. Four broad FoR categories emerged: References to (1) Other People, (2) an Earlier Time in Life, (3) an Important Event in the Past, and (4) a Hypothetical Situation. FoRs were reported in the majority (80.5%) of responses and multiple FoRs were reported in 34% of responses. The reporting of FoRs was evident for all domains, but was more prevalent for well-being compared to pain. References to a Hypothetical Situation were only mentioned in the well-being and health domains. For health, references to Other People were more frequently reported at older compared to younger ages. Our results extend prior work by demonstrating that participants’ reporting of FoRs is evident in ratings of various content domains. They further suggest that a limited number of FoRs are used and that their identification holds promise for understanding and controlling systematic group differences in FoRs.

Suggested Citation

  • Doerte U. Junghaenel & Joan E. Broderick & Stefan Schneider & Marcella May & Alicia Bolton & Kelly P. McCarrier & Larissa M. Stassek & Sarah C. Keithly & Arthur A. Stone, 2018. "Frames of Reference in Self-Reports of Health, Well-Being, Fatigue, and Pain: a Qualitative Examination," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 13(3), pages 585-601, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:ariqol:v:13:y:2018:i:3:d:10.1007_s11482-017-9546-3
    DOI: 10.1007/s11482-017-9546-3
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Baron-Epel, Orna & Kaplan, Giora, 2001. "General subjective health status or age-related subjective health status: does it make a difference?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 53(10), pages 1373-1381, November.
    2. Franks, Peter & Gold, Marthe R. & Fiscella, Kevin, 2003. "Sociodemographics, self-rated health, and mortality in the US," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 56(12), pages 2505-2514, June.
    3. Jylhä, Marja, 2009. "What is self-rated health and why does it predict mortality? Towards a unified conceptual model," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 69(3), pages 307-316, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Marta Walentynowicz & Stefan Schneider & Doerte U. Junghaenel & Arthur A. Stone, 2022. "Vague Quantifiers Demonstrate Little Susceptibility to Frame of Reference Effects," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 17(1), pages 317-331, February.
    2. Ania Filus & Doerte U. Junghaenel & Stefan Schneider & Joan E. Broderick & Arthur A. Stone, 2020. "Age Effects of Frames of Reference in Self-Reports of Health, Well-Being, Fatigue and Pain," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 15(1), pages 35-54, March.
    3. Janina Nemitz, 2022. "Increasing longevity and life satisfaction: is there a catch to living longer?," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 35(2), pages 557-589, April.
    4. Catherine P. Slade & Simon K. Medcalfe & C. Kevin Fortner & Kristin V. Walker, 2023. "Residential Segregation as a Policy Priority to Address Health Disparities: a Multilevel Analysis," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 18(4), pages 1715-1735, August.

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