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Research on Pricing of Data Based on Bi-level Programming Model

Author

Listed:
  • Yurong Ding

    (University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Chinese Academy of Sciences)

  • Yingjie Tian

    (University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Chinese Academy of Sciences
    MOE Social Science Laboratory of Digital Economic Forecasts and Policy Simulation at UCAS)

Abstract

Effective value measurement and pricing methods can greatly promote the healthy development of data sharing, exchange and reuse. However, the uncertainty of data value and neglect of interactivity lead to information asymmetry in the transaction process. A perfect pricing system and well-designed data trading market (hereafter called data market) can widely promote data transactions. We take the three-agents data market as an example to construct a sound data trading process. The data owner who provides data records, the model buyer who is interested in buying machine learning (ML) model instances, and the data broker who interacts between the data owner and the model buyer. Based on the characteristics of data market, like truthfulness, revenue maximization, version control, fairness and non-arbitrage, we propose a data pricing methods based on different model versions. Firstly, we utilize market research and construct a revenue maximization (RM) problem to price the different versions of ML models and solve it with the RM-ILP process. However, the RM model based on market research has two major problems: one is that the model buyer has no incentive to tell the truth, that is, the model buyer will lie in the market research to obtain a lower model price; the other is that it asks the data broker to release version menu in advance, resulting in an inefficient operation of the data market. In view of the defects of the RM transaction model, we propose a model buyers behavior analysis, establish the revenue maximization function based on different data versions to establish a bi-level linear programming model. We further add the incentive compatibility constraint and the individual rationality constraint, taking the utility of the model buyer and the revenue of the data broker into account. This reflects the consumer driven model in the data transaction mode. Finally, the RM-BLP process is proposed to transform RM problem into an equivalent single-level integer programming problem and we solve it with the “Gurobi” solver. The validity of the model is verified by experiments.

Suggested Citation

  • Yurong Ding & Yingjie Tian, 2024. "Research on Pricing of Data Based on Bi-level Programming Model," Annals of Data Science, Springer, vol. 11(4), pages 1391-1419, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:aodasc:v:11:y:2024:i:4:d:10.1007_s40745-024-00549-w
    DOI: 10.1007/s40745-024-00549-w
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jian Pei, 2020. "A Survey on Data Pricing: from Economics to Data Science," Papers 2009.04462, arXiv.org, revised Nov 2020.
    2. Lijun Mei & Wei Li & Kai Nie, 2013. "Pricing Decision Analysis for Information Services of the Internet of Things Based on Stackelberg Game," Springer Books, in: Zhenji Zhang & Runtong Zhang & Juliang Zhang (ed.), Liss 2012, edition 127, pages 1097-1104, Springer.
    3. Daron Acemoglu & Ali Makhdoumi & Azarakhsh Malekian & Asu Ozdaglar, 2022. "Too Much Data: Prices and Inefficiencies in Data Markets," American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 14(4), pages 218-256, November.
    4. Zhiyuan Wang & Zhiqiang (Eric) Zheng & Wei Jiang & Shaojie Tang, 2021. "Blockchain‐Enabled Data Sharing in Supply Chains: Model, Operationalization, and Tutorial," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 30(7), pages 1965-1985, July.
    5. James M. Tien, 2017. "Internet of Things, Real-Time Decision Making, and Artificial Intelligence," Annals of Data Science, Springer, vol. 4(2), pages 149-178, June.
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