IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/annopr/v313y2022i1d10.1007_s10479-021-04283-x.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Portfolio optimization of financial commodities with energy futures

Author

Listed:
  • Lu Wang

    (Shandong University of Science and Technology)

  • Ferhana Ahmad

    (Lahore University of Management Sciences)

  • Gong-li Luo

    (Shandong University of Science and Technology)

  • Muhammad Umar

    (University of Central Punjab)

  • Dervis Kirikkaleli

    (European University of Lefke)

Abstract

The recent growth in economic and financial markets has brought the focus on energy derivatives as an alternative investment class for investors, financial analysts, and portfolio managers. The financial modeling and risk management of portfolios using the energy derivatives instrument is a requirement and challenge for researchers in the field. The energy and other commodity futures force the expert investors to investigate the broader investment spectrum and consequently diversify their portfolios using the futures instruments. Going beyond the conventional portfolios and developing out-of-the-box strategies that comply with the changing financial and economic advancements are the keys to long-term sustainability in the financial world. This study investigates the impact of diversification with five energy futures from January 2011 to July 2020 on three traditional commodity futures portfolios. The results show that diversification increased the returns while simultaneously reducing the portfolio volatility in all portfolios. The diversified portfolios provided higher returns than the traditional portfolios for the same level of risk. This study also revealed that the results might improve when a short position in the futures contracts is allowed. Moreover, we conclude that adding multiple energy futures in a portfolio provides enhanced diversification results, whereas the WTI crude oil futures fail to diversify any portfolio considered in the study.

Suggested Citation

  • Lu Wang & Ferhana Ahmad & Gong-li Luo & Muhammad Umar & Dervis Kirikkaleli, 2022. "Portfolio optimization of financial commodities with energy futures," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 313(1), pages 401-439, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:annopr:v:313:y:2022:i:1:d:10.1007_s10479-021-04283-x
    DOI: 10.1007/s10479-021-04283-x
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10479-021-04283-x
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s10479-021-04283-x?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chang, Chia-Lin & McAleer, Michael & Tansuchat, Roengchai, 2011. "Crude oil hedging strategies using dynamic multivariate GARCH," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(5), pages 912-923, September.
    2. John B. Guerard & Harry Markowitz & Ganlin Xu & Ziwei Wang, 2018. "Global portfolio construction with emphasis on conflicting corporate strategies to maximize stockholder wealth," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 267(1), pages 203-219, August.
    3. Arreola Hernandez, Jose, 2014. "Are oil and gas stocks from the Australian market riskier than coal and uranium stocks? Dependence risk analysis and portfolio optimization," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 528-536.
    4. Galvani, Valentina & Plourde, André, 2010. "Portfolio diversification in energy markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(2), pages 257-268, March.
    5. Sarwar, Suleman & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Anwar, Awais & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2019. "The importance of oil assets for portfolio optimization: The analysis of firm level stocks," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 217-234.
    6. Wen, Xiaoqian & Nguyen, Duc Khuong, 2017. "Can investors of Chinese energy stocks benefit from diversification into commodity futures?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 184-200.
    7. Sadorsky, Perry, 2014. "Modeling volatility and correlations between emerging market stock prices and the prices of copper, oil and wheat," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 72-81.
    8. Leland L. Johnson, 1960. "The Theory of Hedging and Speculation in Commodity Futures," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 27(3), pages 139-151.
    9. Gatfaoui, Hayette, 2016. "Linking the gas and oil markets with the stock market: Investigating the U.S. relationship," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 5-16.
    10. Umar, Muhammad & Su, Chi-Wei & Rizvi, Syed Kumail Abbas & Lobonţ, Oana-Ramona, 2021. "Driven by fundamentals or exploded by emotions: Detecting bubbles in oil prices," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    11. Su, Chi-Wei & Sun, Tiezhu & Ahmad, Shabbir & Mirza, Nawazish, 2021. "Does institutional quality and remittances inflow crowd-in private investment to avoid Dutch Disease? A case for emerging seven (E7) economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    12. Khalfaoui, Rabeh & Sarwar, Suleman & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2019. "Analysing volatility spillover between the oil market and the stock market in oil-importing and oil-exporting countries: Implications on portfolio management," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 22-32.
    13. Cheung, C. Sherman & Miu, Peter, 2010. "Diversification benefits of commodity futures," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 20(5), pages 451-474, December.
    14. Robert B. Barsky & Lutz Kilian, 2004. "Oil and the Macroeconomy Since the 1970s," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 18(4), pages 115-134, Fall.
    15. Suleman Sarwar & Rida Waheed & Mehnoor Amir & Muqaddas Khalid, 2018. "Role of Energy on Economy The Case of Micro to Macro Level Analysis," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 38(4), pages 1905-1926.
    16. Włodzimierz Ogryczak, 2000. "Multiple criteria linear programming model for portfolio selection," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 97(1), pages 143-162, December.
    17. Su, Chi-Wei & Qin, Meng & Tao, Ran & Umar, Muhammad, 2020. "Financial implications of fourth industrial revolution: Can bitcoin improve prospects of energy investment?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    18. Bessler, Wolfgang & Wolff, Dominik, 2015. "Do commodities add value in multi-asset portfolios? An out-of-sample analysis for different investment strategies," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 1-20.
    19. Sarwar, Suleman & Khalfaoui, Rabeh & Waheed, Rida & Dastgerdi, Hamidreza Ghorbani, 2019. "Volatility spillovers and hedging: Evidence from Asian oil-importing countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 479-488.
    20. Sarwar, Suleman & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Tingqiu, Cao, 2020. "Analyzing volatility spillovers between oil market and Asian stock markets," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    21. Francesco Cesarone & Andrea Scozzari & Fabio Tardella, 2013. "A new method for mean-variance portfolio optimization with cardinality constraints," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 205(1), pages 213-234, May.
    22. Geman, Hélyette & Kharoubi, Cécile, 2008. "WTI crude oil Futures in portfolio diversification: The time-to-maturity effect," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(12), pages 2553-2559, December.
    23. Martin R. Young, 1998. "A Minimax Portfolio Selection Rule with Linear Programming Solution," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 44(5), pages 673-683, May.
    24. Gatfaoui, Hayette, 2019. "Diversifying portfolios of U.S. stocks with crude oil and natural gas: A regime-dependent optimization with several risk measures," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 132-152.
    25. Frank Fabozzi & Dashan Huang & Guofu Zhou, 2010. "Robust portfolios: contributions from operations research and finance," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 176(1), pages 191-220, April.
    26. Gerald R. Jensen & Robert R. Johnson & Jeffrey M. Mercer, 2000. "Efficient use of commodity futures in diversified portfolios," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 20(5), pages 489-506, May.
    27. Haim Levy, 1987. "Futures, spots, stocks and bonds: Multi‐asset portfolio analysis," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 7(4), pages 383-395, August.
    28. Liu, Qingfu & Tu, Anthony H., 2012. "Jump spillovers in energy futures markets: Implications for diversification benefits," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(5), pages 1447-1464.
    29. Elsayed, Ahmed H. & Nasreen, Samia & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2020. "Time-varying co-movements between energy market and global financial markets: Implication for portfolio diversification and hedging strategies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    30. Kang, Sang Hoon & McIver, Ron & Yoon, Seong-Min, 2017. "Dynamic spillover effects among crude oil, precious metal, and agricultural commodity futures markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 19-32.
    31. Chai, Shanglei & Zhou, P., 2018. "The Minimum-CVaR strategy with semi-parametric estimation in carbon market hedging problems," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 64-75.
    32. Rehman, Mobeen Ur & Bouri, Elie & Eraslan, Veysel & Kumar, Satish, 2019. "Energy and non-energy commodities: An asymmetric approach towards portfolio diversification in the commodity market," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 1-1.
    33. Leyuan You & Robert T. Daigler, 2013. "A Markowitz Optimization of Commodity Futures Portfolios," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(4), pages 343-368, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Pan, Zhiyuan & Zhong, Hao & Wang, Yudong & Huang, Juan, 2024. "Forecasting oil futures returns with news," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    2. Wang, Fanyi & Ma, Wanying & Mirza, Nawazish & Altuntaş, Mehmet, 2023. "Green financing, financial uncertainty, geopolitical risk, and oil prices volatility," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    3. Wang, Tianyang & Umar, Muhammad & Li, Menggang & Shan, Shan, 2023. "Green finance and clean taxes are the ways to curb carbon emissions: An OECD experience," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    4. Maysam Khodayari Gharanchaei & Reza Babazadeh, 2024. "Crisis Alpha: A High-Performance Trading Algorithm Tested in Market Downturns," Papers 2409.14510, arXiv.org.
    5. Ali, Fahad & Khurram, Muhammad Usman & Sensoy, Ahmet & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2024. "Green cryptocurrencies and portfolio diversification in the era of greener paths," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    6. Ding, Yuanyi, 2023. "Does natural resources cause sustainable financial development or resources curse? Evidence from group of seven economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    7. Salo, Ahti & Doumpos, Michalis & Liesiö, Juuso & Zopounidis, Constantin, 2024. "Fifty years of portfolio optimization," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 318(1), pages 1-18.
    8. Zhang, Can & Liang, Qian, 2023. "Natural resources and sustainable financial development: Evidence from South Asian economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Syed Kumail Abbas Rizvi & Bushra Naqvi & Nawazish Mirza, 2022. "Is green investment different from grey? Return and volatility spillovers between green and grey energy ETFs," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 313(1), pages 495-524, June.
    2. Duc Khuong Nguyen & Nikolas Topaloglou & Thomas Walther, 2020. "Asset Classes and Portfolio Diversification: Evidence from a Stochastic Spanning Approach," Working Papers 2020-009, Department of Research, Ipag Business School.
    3. Pu, Yingjian & Yang, Baochen, 2022. "The commodity futures' historical basis in trading strategy and portfolio investment," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(C).
    4. Berger, Theo & Czudaj, Robert L., 2020. "Commodity futures and a wavelet-based risk assessment," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 554(C).
    5. Chen, Xiangyu & Tongurai, Jittima, 2021. "Cross-commodity hedging for illiquid futures: Evidence from China's base metal futures market," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 49(C).
    6. Gagnon, Marie-Hélène & Manseau, Guillaume & Power, Gabriel J., 2020. "They're back! Post-financialization diversification benefits of commodities," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    7. Yudong Wang & Li Liu, 2016. "Crude oil and world stock markets: volatility spillovers, dynamic correlations, and hedging," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 50(4), pages 1481-1509, June.
    8. Mensi, Walid & Al Rababa'a, Abdel Razzaq & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2021. "Asymmetric spillover and network connectedness between crude oil, gold, and Chinese sector stock markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    9. Khalfaoui, Rabeh & Baumöhl, Eduard & Sarwar, Suleman & Výrost, Tomáš, 2021. "Connectedness between energy and nonenergy commodity markets: Evidence from quantile coherency networks," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    10. Gatfaoui, Hayette, 2019. "Diversifying portfolios of U.S. stocks with crude oil and natural gas: A regime-dependent optimization with several risk measures," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 132-152.
    11. Alao, Rasheed O. & Payaslioglu, Cem, 2021. "Oil price uncertainty and industrial production in oil-exporting countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    12. Gaete, Michael & Herrera, Rodrigo, 2023. "Diversification benefits of commodities in portfolio allocation: A dynamic factor copula approach," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 32(C).
    13. Selmi, Refk & Bouoiyour, Jamal & Miftah, Amal & Wohar, Mark E., 2021. "Managing exposure to volatile oil prices: Evidence from U.S. sectoral and industry-level data," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    14. Kuang, Wei, 2023. "The equity-oil hedge: A comparison between volatility and alternative risk frameworks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    15. Mensi, Walid & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2022. "Dynamic and frequency spillovers between green bonds, oil and G7 stock markets: Implications for risk management," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 331-344.
    16. Naqvi, Bushra & Rizvi, Syed Kumail Abbas & Hasnaoui, Amir & Shao, Xuefeng, 2022. "Going beyond sustainability: The diversification benefits of green energy financial products," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
    17. Hachicha, Néjib & Ben Amar, Amine & Ben Slimane, Ikrame & Bellalah, Makram & Prigent, Jean-Luc, 2022. "Dynamic connectedness and optimal hedging strategy among commodities and financial indices," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    18. Sercan Demiralay & Selcuk Bayraci & H. Gaye Gencer, 2019. "Time-varying diversification benefits of commodity futures," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 56(6), pages 1823-1853, June.
    19. Aziz, Ghazala & Sarwar, Suleman & Yuan, Qiong & Waheed, Rida & Morales, Lucía, 2024. "Reinvestigating the role of oil and gold for portfolio optimization in view of COVID-19 and structural breaks: Empirical evidence of BEKK, DCC and wavelet quantile based estimations," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    20. Szczygielski, Jan Jakub & Charteris, Ailie & Obojska, Lidia, 2023. "Do commodity markets catch a cold from stock markets? Modelling uncertainty spillovers using Google search trends and wavelet coherence," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Energy futures; Portfolio diversification; Commodity futures; Risk management; Mean–variance analysis; Efficient frontier;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G11 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
    • G1 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets
    • G13 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing
    • F65 - International Economics - - Economic Impacts of Globalization - - - Finance

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:annopr:v:313:y:2022:i:1:d:10.1007_s10479-021-04283-x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.