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Research, extension, and user partnerships: Models for collaboration and strategies for change

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  • William Lacy

Abstract

Increasing pragmatic and ethical concerns have been raised about the inadequacies of conventional approaches to agricultural research and extension worldwide and the lack of integrated efforts among researchers, extension educators, and users. This paper examines three models of these relationships: the diffusion or supply model; the induced innovation or demand model; and the synthesis triangular or supply/demand model. The triangular model builds and improves upon the previous models by focusing on the role of clients or users in the broadest sense in creating a demand for science and extension education, as well as on the role of scientists and extension educators in creating a supply. The triangular model views the relationship as an interactive partnership in which research and extension education are conducted in response to client needs and demands expressed through negotiation, persuasion, and coercion involving all partners. To implement this model will require significant organizational and managerial changes as well as reorientation in the values and attitudes of researchers, extension educators, clients, and their organizations. The remainder of the paper presents a brief discussion of suggested strategies at the individual, institutional, regional, national, and international levels for enhancing this partnership in order to more effectively meet the future needs of our food system. Copyright Kluwer Academic Publishers 1996

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  • William Lacy, 1996. "Research, extension, and user partnerships: Models for collaboration and strategies for change," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 13(2), pages 33-41, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:agrhuv:v:13:y:1996:i:2:p:33-41
    DOI: 10.1007/BF01540692
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Deborah Merrill-Sands & Marie-Hélène Collion, 1994. "Farmers and researchers: The road to partnership," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 11(2), pages 26-37, March.
    2. Poonam Smith-Sreen, 1996. "Accountability to members in grassroots organizations: Evidence from India," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 13(2), pages 13-23, March.
    3. Norman Uphoff, 1996. "Collaborations as an alternative to projects: Cornell experience with university-NGO-Government networking," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 13(2), pages 42-51, March.
    4. R. Bingen, 1996. "Leaders, leadership, and democratization in West Africa: Observations from the cotton farmers movement in Mali," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 13(2), pages 24-32, March.
    5. Andrea Cornwall & Irene Guijt & Alice Welbourn, 1994. "Extending the horizons of agricultural research and extension: Methodological challenges," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 11(2), pages 38-57, March.
    6. R. Alsop & R. Khandelwal & E. Gilbert & J. Farrington, 1996. "The human capital dimension of collaboration among government, NGOs, and farm families: Comparative advantage, complications, and observations from an Indian case," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 13(2), pages 3-12, March.
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    1. Douglas H. Constance, 2023. "The doctors of agrifood studies," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 40(1), pages 31-43, March.
    2. Gerad Middendorf & Lawrence Busch, 1997. "Inquiry for the public good: Democratic participation in agricultural research," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 14(1), pages 45-57, March.
    3. William Lacy, 2023. "Local food systems, citizen and public science, empowered communities, and democracy: hopes deserving to live," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 40(1), pages 1-17, March.
    4. Laxmi Prasad Pant, 2019. "Responsible innovation through conscious contestation at the interface of agricultural science, policy, and civil society," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 36(2), pages 183-197, June.
    5. Aurélie Cardona & Cristiana Carusi & Michael Mayerfeld Bell, 2021. "Engaged Intermediaries to Bridge the Gap between Scientists, Educational Practitioners and Farmers to Develop Sustainable Agri-Food Innovation Systems: A US Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-13, October.
    6. Klerkx, Laurens & Leeuwis, Cees, 2008. "Matching demand and supply in the agricultural knowledge infrastructure: Experiences with innovation intermediaries," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(3), pages 260-276, June.
    7. Klerkx, Laurens & Leeuwis, Cees, 2008. "Institutionalizing end-user demand steering in agricultural R&D: Farmer levy funding of R&D in The Netherlands," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 460-472, April.

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