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Has Exposure to Poor Neighbourhoods Changed in America? Race, Risk and Housing Locations in Two Decades

Author

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  • Xavier de Souza Briggs

    (Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 9-521, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA, xbriggs@mit.edu)

  • Benjamin J. Keys

    (Department of Economics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, benkeys@umich.edu)

Abstract

While extreme concentrations of poor racial minorities, briefly `rediscovered' as a social problem by media in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, declined significantly in the 1990s, no research has determined whether the trend reduced exposure to poor neighbourhoods over time or changed racial gaps in exposure. Yet most hypotheses about the social and economic risks of distressed neighbourhoods hinge on such exposure. Using a geocoded, national longitudinal survey matched to three censuses, it is found that: housing mobility continued to be the most important mode of exit from poor tracts for both Whites and Blacks; reductions for Blacks were mainly in exposure to extremely poor neighbourhoods, where neighbourhood change had a huge impact; Blacks remained far more likely than Whites to endure long, uninterrupted exposure; and, racial gaps in the odds of falling back into a poor neighbourhood after exiting one—a major driver of exposure duration that Black renters dominate—widened in the 1990s.

Suggested Citation

  • Xavier de Souza Briggs & Benjamin J. Keys, 2009. "Has Exposure to Poor Neighbourhoods Changed in America? Race, Risk and Housing Locations in Two Decades," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 46(2), pages 429-458, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:urbstu:v:46:y:2009:i:2:p:429-458
    DOI: 10.1177/0042098008099362
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Briggs, Xavier, 2004. "Traps and Stepping Stones: Neighborhood Dynamics and Family Well-Being," Working Paper Series rwp04-015, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government.
    2. Lance Freeman, 2005. "Black Homeownership: The Role of Temporal Changes and Residential Segregation at the End of the 20th Century," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 86(2), pages 403-426, June.
    3. Jeffrey R Kling & Jeffrey B Liebman & Lawrence F Katz, 2007. "Experimental Analysis of Neighborhood Effects," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 75(1), pages 83-119, January.
    4. repec:mpr:mprres:5599 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Richard V. Burkhauser, 2001. "What Policymakers Need to Know about Poverty Dynamics," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 20(4), pages 757-759.
    6. Mary Jo Bane & David T. Ellwood, 1986. "Slipping into and out of Poverty: The Dynamics of Spells," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 21(1), pages 1-23.
    7. Edward Gramlich & Deborah Laren & Naomi Sealand, 1992. "Moving into and out of poor urban areas," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 11(2), pages 273-287.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Andrew L. Hicks & Mark S. Handcock & Narayan Sastry & Anne R. Pebley, 2018. "Sequential Neighborhood Effects: The Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Concentrated Disadvantage on Children’s Reading and Math Test Scores," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 55(1), pages 1-31, February.
    2. Sako Musterd & George Galster & Roger Andersson, 2012. "Temporal Dimensions and Measurement of Neighbourhood Effects," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 44(3), pages 605-627, March.
    3. Lina Hedman & David Manley & Maarten van Ham & John Östh, 2015. "Cumulative exposure to disadvantage and the intergenerational transmission of neighbourhood effects," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 15(1), pages 195-215.
    4. Maarten van Ham & David Manley, 2012. "Neighbourhood Effects Research at a Crossroads: Ten Challenges for Future Research," RatSWD Working Papers 204, German Data Forum (RatSWD).
    5. Izabela Grabowska, 2021. "Quality of Life in Poor Neighborhoods through the Lenses of the Capability Approach—A Case Study of a Deprived Area of Łódź City Centre," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-24, June.
    6. Kleinepier, Tom & van Ham, Maarten, 2017. "Ethnic Differences in Duration and Timing of Exposure to Neighbourhood Disadvantage during Childhood," IZA Discussion Papers 10944, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    7. Glenn Firebaugh & Chad R. Farrell, 2016. "Still Large, but Narrowing: The Sizable Decline in Racial Neighborhood Inequality in Metropolitan America, 1980–2010," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 53(1), pages 139-164, February.
    8. Blumenberg, Evelyn & Pierce, Gregory, 2017. "Car access and long-term poverty exposure: Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) experiment," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 92-100.
    9. Yang Zhang, 2012. "Will Natural Disasters Accelerate Neighborhood Decline? A Discrete-Time Hazard Analysis of Residential Property Vacancy and Abandonment before and after Hurricane Andrew in Miami-Dade County (1991–2," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 39(6), pages 1084-1104, December.

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