IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/urbstu/v45y2008i1p67-88.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Inward and Upward: Marking Out Social Class Change in London, 1981—2001

Author

Listed:
  • Tim Butler

    (Department of Geography, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2 2LS, UK, tim.butler@kcl.ac.uk)

  • Chris Hamnett

    (Department of Geography, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2 2LS, UK, chris.hamnett@kcl.ac.uk)

  • Mark Ramsden

    (Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Winter Street, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK, m.ramsden@sheffield.ac.uk)

Abstract

Converting the 2001 census NS-SEC categories back into SEG categories for the 1981 and 1991 censuses, the authors show that there is a continued process of class upgrading occurring within Greater London compared with the rest of England and Wales. Inner London continues to see an increase in the proportion of residents in the higher social classes (particularly in the boroughs that were already gentrified in the centre and west of the centre). In outer London, there has been a process of upwards class change, but this is being led by the intermediate social class groups and is geographically more uneven. The authors conclude that these trends provide evidence for a continued gentrification of and social upgrading in inner London. The most significant finding is that London's gentrification is now being partly driven by the expansion of the `middle' middle classes of lower professional and intermediate non-manual groups.

Suggested Citation

  • Tim Butler & Chris Hamnett & Mark Ramsden, 2008. "Inward and Upward: Marking Out Social Class Change in London, 1981—2001," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 45(1), pages 67-88, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:urbstu:v:45:y:2008:i:1:p:67-88
    DOI: 10.1177/0042098007085102
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0042098007085102
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1177/0042098007085102?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chris Hamnett, 1996. "Why Sassen is Wrong: A Response to Burgers," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 33(1), pages 107-110, February.
    2. John Friedmann, 1986. "The World City Hypothesis," Development and Change, International Institute of Social Studies, vol. 17(1), pages 69-83, January.
    3. Chris Hamnett, 2003. "Gentrification and the Middle-class Remaking of Inner London, 1961-2001," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 40(12), pages 2401-2426, November.
    4. Chris Hamnett, 1996. "Social Polarisation, Economic Restructuring and Welfare State Regimes," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 33(8), pages 1407-1430, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Chris Hamnett, 2010. "Moving the Poor Out of Central London? The Implications of the Coalition Government 2010 Cuts to Housing Benefits," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 42(12), pages 2809-2819, December.
    2. Antoine Paccoud & Alan Mace, 2018. "Tenure change in London’s suburbs: Spreading gentrification or suburban upscaling?," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 55(6), pages 1313-1328, May.
    3. Jaap Nieuwenhuis & Tiit Tammaru & Maarten van Ham & Lina Hedman & David Manley, 2020. "Does segregation reduce socio-spatial mobility? Evidence from four European countries with different inequality and segregation contexts," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 57(1), pages 176-197, January.
    4. Geoffrey De Verteuil, 2011. "Evidence of Gentrification-induced Displacement among Social Services in London and Los Angeles," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 48(8), pages 1563-1580, June.
    5. Tim Butler, 2007. "Re‐urbanizing London Docklands: Gentrification, Suburbanization or New Urbanism?," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(4), pages 759-781, December.
    6. Antoine Paccoud, 2017. "Buy-to-let gentrification: Extending social change through tenure shifts," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 49(4), pages 839-856, April.
    7. Chris Hamnett & Tim Butler, 2010. "The Changing Ethnic Structure of Housing Tenures in London, 1991—2001," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 47(1), pages 55-74, January.
    8. Jonathan Reades & Loretta Lees & Phil Hubbard & Guy Lansley, 2023. "Quantifying state-led gentrification in London: Using linked consumer and administrative records to trace displacement from council estates," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 55(4), pages 810-827, June.
    9. Shenjing He, 2012. "Two Waves of Gentrification and Emerging Rights Issues in Guangzhou, China," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 44(12), pages 2817-2833, December.
    10. Nadja Kabisch & Dagmar Haase & Annegret Haase, 2010. "Evolving Reurbanisation? Spatio-temporal Dynamics as Exemplified by the East German City of Leipzig," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 47(5), pages 967-990, May.
    11. Jonathan Pratschke & Enrica Morlicchio, 2012. "Social Polarisation, the Labour Market and Economic Restructuring in Europe: An Urban Perspective," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 49(9), pages 1891-1907, July.
    12. Szymon Marcińczak & Michael Gentile & Samuel Rufat & Liviu Chelcea, 2014. "Urban Geographies of Hesitant Transition: Tracing Socioeconomic Segregation in Post-Ceauşescu Bucharest," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(4), pages 1399-1417, July.
    13. Chris Hamnett, 2021. "The changing social structure of global cities: Professionalisation, proletarianisation or polarisation," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 58(5), pages 1050-1066, April.
    14. Chris Hamnett, 2011. "Urban Social Polarization," Chapters, in: Ben Derudder & Michael Hoyler & Peter J. Taylor & Frank Witlox (ed.), International Handbook of Globalization and World Cities, chapter 32, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    15. Paul Watt, 2008. "The Only Class in Town? Gentrification and the Middle‐Class Colonization of the City and the Urban Imagination," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(1), pages 206-211, March.
    16. Haque, Md Bashirul & Choudhury, Charisma & Hess, Stephane, 2020. "Understanding differences in residential location preferences between ownership and renting: A case study of London," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    17. Willem R Boterman, 2012. "Residential Mobility of Urban Middle Classes in the Field of Parenthood," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 44(10), pages 2397-2412, October.
    18. Szymon Marcińczak & Michael Gentile, 2023. "A Window Into the European City: Exploring Socioeconomic Residential Segregation in Urban Poland," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Royal Dutch Geographical Society KNAG, vol. 114(3), pages 252-266, July.
    19. Melissa Butcher & Luke Dickens, 2016. "Spatial Dislocation and Affective Displacement: Youth Perspectives on Gentrification in London," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(4), pages 800-816, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Chris Hamnett, 2021. "The changing social structure of global cities: Professionalisation, proletarianisation or polarisation," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 58(5), pages 1050-1066, April.
    2. Chris Hamnett, 2011. "Urban Social Polarization," Chapters, in: Ben Derudder & Michael Hoyler & Peter J. Taylor & Frank Witlox (ed.), International Handbook of Globalization and World Cities, chapter 32, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    3. Renato A. Orozco Pereira & Ben Derudder, 2010. "Determinants of Dynamics in the World City Network, 2000-2004," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 47(9), pages 1949-1967, August.
    4. Zwiers, Merle & Kleinhans, Reinout & van Ham, Maarten, 2015. "Divided Cities: Increasing Socio-Spatial Polarization within Large Cities in the Netherlands," IZA Discussion Papers 8882, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    5. Thomas Maloutas & Hugo Botton, 2021. "Trends of Social Polarisation and Segregation in Athens (1991–2011)," Social Inclusion, Cogitatio Press, vol. 9(2), pages 117-128.
    6. Flüchter, Winfried, 1997. "Tôkyô quo vadis? Chancen und Grenzen (?) metropolitanen Wachstums," Working Papers on East Asian Studies 15/1997, University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of East Asian Studies IN-EAST.
    7. Asato Saito, 2003. "Global City Formation in a Capitalist Developmental State: Tokyo and the Waterfront Sub-centre Project," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 40(2), pages 283-308, February.
    8. Scott Baum, 1997. "Sydney, Australia: A Global City? Testing the Social Polarisation Thesis," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 34(11), pages 1881-1902, November.
    9. Po‐Fen Tai, 2010. "Beyond ‘Social Polarization’? A Test for Asian World Cities in Developmental States," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(4), pages 743-761, December.
    10. Stephen W. K. Chiu & Tai-lok Lui, 2004. "Testing the Global City-Social Polarisation Thesis: Hong Kong since the 1990s," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 41(10), pages 1863-1888, September.
    11. Mari Vaattovaara & Matti Kortteinen, 2003. "Beyond Polarisation versus Professionalisation? A Case Study of the Development of the Helsinki Region, Finland," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 40(11), pages 2127-2145, October.
    12. Chakravarty, Dwarka & Goerzen, Anthony & Musteen, Martina & Ahsan, Mujtaba, 2021. "Global cities: A multi-disciplinary review and research agenda," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 56(3).
    13. Stefan Buzar & Ray Hall & Philip E Ogden, 2007. "Beyond Gentrification: The Demographic Reurbanisation of Bologna," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 39(1), pages 64-85, January.
    14. Merle Zwiers & Ferry Koster, 2015. "The local structure of the welfare state: Uneven effects of social spending on poverty within countries," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 52(1), pages 87-102, January.
    15. Jeroen van der Waal & Jack Burgers, 2011. "Post-Industrialisation, Job Opportunities and Ethnocentrism," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 48(4), pages 681-697, March.
    16. Po-Fen Tai, 2013. "Gender Matters in Social Polarisation: Comparing Singapore, Hong Kong and Taipei," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 50(6), pages 1148-1164, May.
    17. Stefan Buzar & Philip Ogden & Ray Hall & Annegret Haase & Sigrun Kabisch & Annett Steinfiihrer, 2007. "Splintering Urban Populations: Emergent Landscapes of Reurbanisation in Four European Cities," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 44(4), pages 651-677, April.
    18. György Csomós & Géza Tóth, 2016. "Modelling the shifting command and control function of cities through a gravity model based bidimensional regression analysis," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 48(4), pages 613-615, April.
    19. Chris Hamnett, 2003. "Gentrification and the Middle-class Remaking of Inner London, 1961-2001," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 40(12), pages 2401-2426, November.
    20. Thomas Maloutas, 2009. "Urban Outcasts: A Contextualized Outlook on Advanced Marginality," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(3), pages 828-834, September.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:sae:urbstu:v:45:y:2008:i:1:p:67-88. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: SAGE Publications (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/urbanstudiesjournal .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.