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Categorical Causal Modeling

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  • JACQUES A. HAGENAARS

    (Tilburg University)

Abstract

Latent class analysis (LCA) is an extremely useful and flexible technique for the analysis of categorical data, measured at the nominal, ordinal, or interval level (the latter with fixed or estimated scores). It is, first, a general measurement model, a particular kind of latent structure model that can be used for the investigation of the reliability and validity of categorical measurements, taking both random and systematic response errors into account. When dealing with test-retest effects, response consistency effects, unobserved heterogeneity, response effects from varying survey (interviewing) conditions, and so on, it is useful to take a consistent causal modeling point of view and to integrate LCA into a general causal log-linear model with latent variables. The resulting directed log-linear modeling approach integrates insights from Goodman's modified path approach, the modified LISREL approach, and directed graphical modeling.

Suggested Citation

  • Jacques A. Hagenaars, 1998. "Categorical Causal Modeling," Sociological Methods & Research, , vol. 26(4), pages 436-486, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:somere:v:26:y:1998:i:4:p:436-486
    DOI: 10.1177/0049124198026004002
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bolck, A. & Croon, M.A. & Hagenaars, J.A.P., 1998. "On the use of latent class scores in causal models for categorical variables," WORC Paper 98.07.005/7, Tilburg University, Work and Organization Research Centre.
    2. Davidson, Russell & MacKinnon, James G., 1993. "Estimation and Inference in Econometrics," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780195060119.
    3. J. de Leeuw & P.G.M. van der Heijden & P. Verboon, 1990. "A latent time–budget model," Statistica Neerlandica, Netherlands Society for Statistics and Operations Research, vol. 44(1), pages 1-22, March.
    4. DeSarbo, W.S. & Wedel, M., 1993. "A Review of Recent Developments in Latent Class Regression Models," Papers 521, Groningen State, Institute of Economic Research-.
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