Incorporating Social Determinants of Health in Infectious Disease Models: A Systematic Review of Guidelines

Background Infectious disease (ID) models have been the backbone of policy decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, models often overlook variation in disease risk, health burden, and policy impact across social groups. Nonetheless, social determinants are becoming increasingly recognized as fundamental to the success of control strategies overall and to the mitigation of disparities. Methods To underscore the importance of considering social heterogeneity in epidemiological modeling, we systematically reviewed ID modeling guidelines to identify reasons and recommendations for incorporating social determinants of health into models in relation to the conceptualization, implementation, and interpretations of models. Results After identifying 1,372 citations, we found 19 guidelines, of which 14 directly referenced at least 1 social determinant. Age ( n = 11), sex and gender ( n = 5), and socioeconomic status ( n = 5) were the most commonly discussed social determinants. Specific recommendations were identified to consider social determinants to 1) improve the predictive accuracy of models, 2) understand heterogeneity of disease burden and policy impact, 3) contextualize decision making, 4) address inequalities, and 5) assess implementation challenges. Conclusion This study can support modelers and policy makers in taking into account social heterogeneity, to consider the distributional impact of infectious disease outbreaks across social groups as well as to tailor approaches to improve equitable access to prevention, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Highlights Infectious disease (ID) models often overlook the role of social determinants of health (SDH) in understanding variation in disease risk, health burden, and policy impact across social groups. In this study, we systematically review ID guidelines and identify key areas to consider SDH in relation to the conceptualization, implementation, and interpretations of models. We identify specific recommendations to consider SDH to improve model accuracy, understand heterogeneity, estimate policy impact, address inequalities, and assess implementation challenges.