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Estimating Multilevel Linear Models as Structural Equation Models

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  • Daniel J. Bauer

Abstract

Multilevel linear models (MLMs) provide a powerful framework for analyzing data collected at nested or non-nested levels, such as students within classrooms. The current article draws on recent analytical and software advances to demonstrate that a broad class of MLMs may be estimated as structural equation models (SEMs). Moreover, within the SEM approach it is possible to include measurement models for predictors or outcomes, and to estimate the mediational pathways among predictors explicitly, tasks which are currently difficult with the conventional approach to multilevel modeling. The equivalency of the SEM approach with conventional methods for estimating MLMs is illustrated using empirical examples, including an example involving both multiple indicator latent factors for the outcomes and a causal chain for the predictors. The limitations of this approach for estimating MLMs are discussed and alternative approaches are considered.

Suggested Citation

  • Daniel J. Bauer, 2003. "Estimating Multilevel Linear Models as Structural Equation Models," Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, , vol. 28(2), pages 135-167, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:jedbes:v:28:y:2003:i:2:p:135-167
    DOI: 10.3102/10769986028002135
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    Cited by:

    1. Zhiqiang (Eric) Zheng & Paul A. Pavlou & Bin Gu, 2014. "Latent Growth Modeling for Information Systems: Theoretical Extensions and Practical Applications," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 25(3), pages 547-568, September.
    2. Anik Debrot & Sebastian Siegler & Petra L. Klumb & Dominik Schoebi, 2018. "Daily Work Stress and Relationship Satisfaction: Detachment Affects Romantic Couples’ Interactions Quality," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 19(8), pages 2283-2301, December.
    3. Raquel Rodríguez-Carvajal & Marta Herrero & Dirk van Dierendonck & Sara de Rivas & Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez, 2019. "Servant Leadership and Goal Attainment Through Meaningful Life and Vitality: A Diary Study," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 20(2), pages 499-521, February.

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