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Filtering and Gentrifying in Toronto: Neighbourhood Transitions in and out from the Lowest Income Decile between 1981 and 2006

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  • Andrejs Skaburskis
  • Kristopher Nelson

Abstract

This study examines the changes between 1981 and 2006 in Toronto's lowest income neighbourhoods. It shows the oldest buildings gentrifying while, contrary to filtering theory, the newer high-rise apartments in the inner suburbs built for a car-oriented middle class were filtering down to visible minorities, recent immigrants, ethnic minorities, single parents, and the unemployed or underemployed people in low-wage jobs. Nevertheless, the lowest income neighbourhoods display a considerable degree of income mix pointing to the importance of household-based rather than space-based housing policy. The high proportion of university graduates in the lowest income neighbourhoods raises questions about the role of education in helping people gain access to urban resources. While government transfers to households in the top nine income deciles increased, they decreased for the lowest income households. Although the average income in the CMA rose faster than rents, rents increased in the lowest decile neighbourhoods with declining incomes. Low-income households were moving to pedestrian-unfriendly neighborhoods with poor access to public transit and employment opportunities.

Suggested Citation

  • Andrejs Skaburskis & Kristopher Nelson, 2014. "Filtering and Gentrifying in Toronto: Neighbourhood Transitions in and out from the Lowest Income Decile between 1981 and 2006," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 46(4), pages 885-900, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:envira:v:46:y:2014:i:4:p:885-900
    DOI: 10.1068/a4666
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Loretta Lees & David Ley, 2008. "Introduction to Special Issue on Gentrification and Public Policy," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 45(12), pages 2379-2384, November.
    2. Ruth Lupton & Anne Power, 2004. "What We Know about Neighbourhood Change: A literature review," CASE Reports casereport27, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, LSE.
    3. Wen-Hao Chen & John Myles & Garnett Picot, 2012. "Why Have Poorer Neighbourhoods Stagnated Economically while the Richer Have Flourished? Neighbourhood Income Inequality in Canadian Cities," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 49(4), pages 877-896, March.
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    2. Dong, Hongwei, 2017. "Rail-transit-induced gentrification and the affordability paradox of TOD," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 1-10.
    3. Hazel Easthope & Laura Crommelin & Sophie-May Kerr & Laurence Troy & Ryan van den Nouwelant & Gethin Davison, 2022. "Planning for Lower-Income Households in Privately Developed High-Density Neighbourhoods in Sydney, Australia," Urban Planning, Cogitatio Press, vol. 7(4), pages 213-228.
    4. Brzezicka, Justyna & Łaszek, Jacek & Olszewski, Krzysztof & Waszczuk, Joanna, 2019. "Analysis of the filtering process and the ripple effect on the primary and secondary housing market in Warsaw, Poland," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    5. Allen, Jeff & Farber, Steven, 2020. "Suburbanization of transport poverty," SocArXiv hkpfj, Center for Open Science.
    6. Allen, Jeff & Higgins, Christopher D. & Silver, Daniel & Farber, Steven, 2023. "Are low-income residents disproportionately moving away from transit?," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
    7. Matthew Quick & Nick Revington, 2022. "Exploring the global and local patterns of income segregation in Toronto, Canada: A multilevel multigroup modeling approach," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 49(2), pages 637-653, February.

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