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Théorie de la croissance : quelques développements récents [Deuxième partie : la redécouverte des rendements croissants]

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  • Frédéric Lordon

Abstract

[eng] The revival of the increasing returns hypothesis is, after cyclical growth, the second major theme of the recent issues in growth theory. Amazingly it is shared by two very opposite theoretic streams, namely the French « regulation school » and the so-called endogenous growth theory. The « regulation theory » stands as a general perspective on the capitalist economies' becoming. Unlike the neoclassical theory, it refuses the postulates of methodological individualism and emphasizes the role of history and the themes of structural change — mainly technological and of the institutions. The increasing returns hypothesis is considered under the form of Kaldor-Verdoorn's law. Endogenous growth theory tries to overcome the main shortcomings of Solow's model. A first attempt consists in avoiding the diminishing marginal efficiency of a factor when this one is accumulated. Increasing returns come from a Marshallian externality on the capital/knowledge stock. A second attempt considers explicitly a R & D sector and its effects on the innovation process and on the deepening of the division of labor. But these improvements involve a discrepancy from the usual Walrasian results : acknowledgement of monopolistic competition, inefficiency of equilibrium justifying a corrective public action, and a new interest for the collective, social and institutional nature of growth processes. All these points may indicate a new orientation of the neoclassical macroeconomics. [fre] La redécouverte des rendements croissants constitue après la croissance cyclique (cf. première partie) le deuxième thème fédérateur de ces développements récents de la théorie de la croissance. Assez curieusement on retrouve autour de ce thème des rendements croissants deux courants que tout — méthodologie, propositions théoriques, statut académique,... — sépare : la théorie de la régulation et la théorie de la croissance endogène. La théorie de la régulation se veut une problématique générale du devenir des économies capitalistes. Elle prend le contre-pied de la théorie néoclassique dans son refus de l'individualisme méthodologique, dans son rapport à l'histoire et dans l'accent qu'elle met sur les thèmes du changement structurel, particulièrement technologique, et des institutions. L'hypothèse de croissance des rendements figure généralement dans ses modèles sous la forme des lois de Kaldor-Verdoorn. La théorie de la croissance endogène tente de dépasser les insuffisances du modèle de Solow. Une première voie consiste à éviter que l'efficacité marginale d'un facteur diminue au fur et à mesure de son accumulation. Les rendements sont rendus croissants à l'aide d'externalités marshalliennes sur le stock de capital/ connaissance. Une deuxième voie modélise explicitement un secteur de la recherche et ses effets en termes d'approfondissement de la division du travail et d'innovation technologique. Mais ce dépassement se paye de l'abandon de certains points de l'orthodoxie walrasienne jusque là préservés dans le modèle de croissance traditionnel : la reconnaissance de la concurrence monopolistique, la sous optimalité de l'équilibre justifiant une intervention de l'Etat, et un nouveau regard sur la dimension collective et institutionnelle des processus de croissance font peut être prendre un tournant à la macroéconomie néoclassique.

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  • Frédéric Lordon, 1991. "Théorie de la croissance : quelques développements récents [Deuxième partie : la redécouverte des rendements croissants]," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 37(1), pages 191-243.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1991_num_37_1_1255
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1991.1255
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1991.1255
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