IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/prs/reveco/reco_0035-2764_1976_num_27_6_408294.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Le marché politique et les choix collectifs

Author

Listed:
  • Jean-Luc Migué

Abstract

[fre] Les règles du jeu inhérentes aux processus démocratiques se distinguent de celles du marché par deux principales caractéristiques : le scrutin majoritaire d'une part et l'échange de votes ou de politiques d'autre part. Le présent article se propose d'évaluer l'aboutissement d'un régime régi par ces règles.. A lui seul, le scrutin majoritaire mène à un niveau d'output collectif correspon­dant aux préférences du votant médian. Pour que le résultat optimal s'obtienne dans tous les cas et que chaque individu atteigne sa position préférée, il faudrait qu'un mécanisme d'échange permette aux individus éloignés de la position médiane d'acheter le consentement d'une majorité à la variation de l'output dans le sens de leurs préférences. Ce mécanisme de compensation existe dans le monde réel. Il prend la forme du logrolling ou de l'échange de votes. Ses formes concrètes sont le logrolling explicite des représentants, les plates-formes complexes des partis politiques et les politiques discriminatoires de dépenses et de taxation, grâce auxquelles le fardeau fiscal unitaire de groupes d'individus s'approche plus ou moins de l'évaluation marginale qu'ils font de l'output collectif.. L'échange de votes en l'absence de coût d'information et de négociation entraîne la solution optimale et l'absence d'interventions inefficaces des pouvoirs publics dans le marché. Mais le processus de révélation des préférences et d'échange de votes comporte des coûts d'action politique. L'investissement en action politique de la part des citoyens est régi par le calcul bénéfices/coûts usuel. Or les détenteurs de facteurs ont plus à gagner de l'action politique que les consommateurs. Ils investiront donc davantage pour obtenir, soit des subventions si l'offre est inélastique, soit des restrictions à la concurrence si l'offre est élastique. Ils achètent donc des majorités successives de votants-consommateurs sans avoir à les indem­niser totalement.. Corollaires empiriques principaux : a) Secteurs à offre inélastique surdéveloppés, octroi de subventions universelles plutôt que sélectives dans les secteurs comportant des économies externes et non-imputation des coûts sociaux dans les cas inverses, redistribution de biens en nature plutôt que du revenu, politique de développement régional fondée sur l'immobilité des facteurs, transferts entre gouvernements de fédérations plutôt que du gouvernement aux individus, b) Secteurs à offre élastique sous-développés, prolifération des régies dans les secteurs concurrentiels, nationalisation et gratuité des biens excessive et interventionnisme croissant du secteur public. [eng] A market approach to public choice. . Two main features distinguish political processes from market processes in democratie countries : one is majority voting, and the other is the exchange of votes and policies instead of goods and services. This article is an attempt to evaluate the outcome of a system governed by these rules of the game. Economic analysis makes it possible to predict that majority voting, by itself, would resuit in a level of publicly produced goods corresponding to the optimum of the median voter. To obtain an optimal result in all cases, an exchange mechanism is required enabling the individuals away from the median position to purchase the consent of a majority to changes in output in the direction of their preferences. Such mechanism exists in the real world. It takes the form of logrolling or vote-trading. The institutional expressions of this exchange can be observed in the explicit logrolling by elected representatives, in the fact that political parties adopt complex platforms and resort to discriminatory tax and expenditure policies designed to make the unit tax burden of specific groups come closer to their marginal valuation of the overall bundle of policies.. Vote-trading in a perfect political market with no cost of bargaining and trading, would bring about an optimal solution and rule out inefficient interventions in the market by governments. The process whereby individuals reveal their preferences to politicians and exchange their votes entails costs of political action. Investment in political action is governed by the usual benefit/cost calculus. Now factor suppliers stand to gain more than consumers from political action. Therefore, they will invest more in that form of activity in order to obtain subsidies if their supply inelastic, or restrictions to competition if their supply is more elastic. They will purchase successive majorities of consumers-voters without having to compensate them fully for their vote.. Empirical consequences : a) Sectors with inelastic supply are overdeveloped ; across- the-board rather than discriminatory subsidies are paid to sectors with external economies ; few specific charges are levied on sectors generating external costs ; redistribution in kind is preferred over redistribution in cash ; regional development and industrial strategies are designed to benefit factors with low mobility ; and service equalization through regional governments is preferred over income equalization. b) Sectors with elastic supply are underdeveloped ; regulatory boards proliferate in competitive sectors; bureaucratic production with « free » access is resorted to ; and growing intervention in the market by government is predicted.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Luc Migué, 1976. "Le marché politique et les choix collectifs," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 27(6), pages 984-1007.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:reveco:reco_0035-2764_1976_num_27_6_408294
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.persee.fr/doc/reco_0035-2764_1976_num_27_6_408294
    Download Restriction: Data and metadata provided by Persée are licensed under a Creative Commons "Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0" License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. L. F. G. De Cazaux, 1965. "On The Budget," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 3(2), pages 264-265.
    2. Richard A. Posner, 1975. "The Social Costs of Monopoly and Regulation," Springer Books, in: Roger D. Congleton & Kai A. Konrad & Arye L. Hillman (ed.), 40 Years of Research on Rent Seeking 2, pages 45-65, Springer.
    3. Gordon Tullock, 1959. "Problems of Majority Voting," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 67(6), pages 571-571.
    4. Buchanan, James M & Tullock, Gordon, 1975. "Polluters' Profits and Political Response: Direct Controls Versus Taxes," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 65(1), pages 139-147, March.
    5. Anthony Downs, 1957. "An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 65(2), pages 135-135.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Arye L. Hillman & Heinrich W. Ursprung, 2016. "Where are the rent seekers?," Constitutional Political Economy, Springer, vol. 27(2), pages 124-141, June.
    2. Philip Grossman, 1988. "Government and economic growth: A non-linear relationship," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 56(2), pages 193-200, February.
    3. Dennis C. Mueller, 2016. "Gordon Tullock: economic gadfly," Constitutional Political Economy, Springer, vol. 27(2), pages 112-123, June.
    4. Persson, Torsten & Tabellini, Guido, 2002. "Political economics and public finance," Handbook of Public Economics, in: A. J. Auerbach & M. Feldstein (ed.), Handbook of Public Economics, edition 1, volume 3, chapter 24, pages 1549-1659, Elsevier.
    5. Schnellenbach, Jan & Schubert, Christian, 2015. "Behavioral political economy: A survey," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 40(PB), pages 395-417.
    6. Dilla, Diana, 2017. "Staatsverschuldung und Verschuldungsmentalität [Public Debt and Debt Mentality]," MPRA Paper 79432, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Mattozzi, Andrea & Snowberg, Erik, 2018. "The right type of legislator: A theory of taxation and representation," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 54-65.
    8. Christian Bjørnskov & Axel Dreher & Justina Fischer, 2008. "Cross-country determinants of life satisfaction: exploring different determinants across groups in society," Social Choice and Welfare, Springer;The Society for Social Choice and Welfare, vol. 30(1), pages 119-173, January.
    9. Christian Bredemeier, 2014. "Imperfect information and the Meltzer-Richard hypothesis," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 159(3), pages 561-576, June.
    10. Roger Congleton, 2014. "The contractarian constitutional political economy of James Buchanan," Constitutional Political Economy, Springer, vol. 25(1), pages 39-67, March.
    11. Hillman, Arye L. & Metsuyanim, Kfir & Potrafke, Niklas, 2015. "Democracy with group identity," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 40(PB), pages 274-287.
    12. Kauder, Björn & Potrafke, Niklas & Ursprung, Heinrich, 2018. "Behavioral determinants of proclaimed support for environment protection policies," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 26-41.
    13. Lucia Rossel Flores & Martijn Huysmans & Joras Ferwerda, 2024. "The political business cycle of tax reforms," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 200(1), pages 65-88, July.
    14. Doessel, Darrel & Valadkhani, Abbas, 2003. "The Demand for Current Public Expenditure in Fiji: Theory and Empirical Results," MPRA Paper 50392, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    15. Benjamin Ward, 1961. "Majority rule and allocation," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 5(4), pages 379-389, December.
    16. Wallace E. Oates & Paul R. Portney & Wallace E. Oates & Paul R. Portney, 2004. "The Political Economy of Environmental Policy," Chapters, in: Environmental Policy and Fiscal Federalism, chapter 1, pages 3-30, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    17. Stavins, Robert, 2004. "Introduction to the Political Economy of Environmental Regulations," RFF Working Paper Series dp-04-12, Resources for the Future.
    18. Dennis Mueller, 2012. "James Buchanan, Gordon Tullock, and The Calculus," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 152(3), pages 329-332, September.
    19. Eli Noam, 1982. "Demand functions and the valuation of public goods," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 38(3), pages 271-280, January.
    20. Roger D. Congleton, 2016. "Gordon Tullock’s implicit analytical history of government," Constitutional Political Economy, Springer, vol. 27(2), pages 179-193, June.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:prs:reveco:reco_0035-2764_1976_num_27_6_408294. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Equipe PERSEE (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.persee.fr/collection/reco .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.