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Politique des déchets : l'approche du Royaume-Uni

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  • David Litvan

Abstract

[fre] Politique des déchets : l'approche du Royaume-Uni . L'évolution récente de la réglementation européenne en dématière de déchets risque d'entraîner des coûts importants pour les États membres. L'exemple britannique est d'autant plus intéressant pour la France que les deux pays présentent des similitudes : quantité presque identique de déchets ménagers (environ 20 millions de tonnes), faible capacité des incinérateurs existants et normes insuffisantes des installations par rapport aux nouvelles exigencesuropéennes. Des différences dans les politiques nationales font cependant diverger les perspectives d'évolution des coûts de. traitement entre les deux pays : en France, la mise en charge des déchets qui n'auront pas fait l'objet d'un traite- ment préalable doit être supprimée d'ici 2002. Les coûts d'une telle politique, qui recourt en particulier à l'incinéra- tion, apparaissent très élevés : entre 60 et 1 00 milliards de francs. La politique britannique repose au contraire da- vantage sur la mise en décharge, même si elle cherche à en diminuer la part nettement prépondérante (90 %). De ce fait, la mise en décharge restant en général moins onéreuse que le traitement (incinération et recyclage), l'aug- mentation des coûts de la politique des déchets devrait rester plus modérée au Royaume-Uni. [eng] The Waste Policy in the United Kingdom . Recent changes to European waste regulations may provoke high costs for the Member States. The approach taken by the United Kingdom is especially interesting for France since the two countries have certain similarities: virtually identical amounts of household waste (approximately 20 million tonnes), low incinerator capacities, and installation standards that fall short of the new European requirements. . However, national policy differences lead to divergent growth forecasts for treatment costs in the two countries. In France, the 1 992 law sets the year 2002 as the deadline . for an end to the dumping of waste that has not been previously treated. The costs of such a policy, with a large incineration content, appear to be very high: between 60 billion and 100 billion French francs. The UK policy, on the other hand, concentrates more on dumping even though it aims to reduce this dominant 90% share mainly through taxation. As dumping is still generally less costly than treatment (incineration and recycling), the increase in waste policy costs should remain more moderate in the United Kingdom. [ger] Abfallpolitik: der Ansatz GroBbritanniens . Die jùngste Entwicklung der europâischen Reglemen- tierung im Bereich der Abfallentsorgung kônnte fur die Mitgliedstaaten betrâchtliche Kosten zur Folge haben. Das britische Beispiel ist um so interessanter fur Frank- reich, als zwischen diesen beiden Làndern Àhnlichkeiten bestehen: nahezu identische Menge an Hausmùll (ca. 20 Millionen Tonnen), geringe Kapazitât der bestehenden Verbrennungsanlagen sowie unzureichende Normen fur die Anlagen im Verhàltnis zu den europâischen Anfor- derungen. . Aufgrund der Unterschiede bei den einzelstaatlichen Politiken weichen die Perspektiven der Kostenent- wicklung bei der Entsorgung zwischen den beiden Lândern allerdings voneinander ab: in Frankreich zielt das . Gesetz von 1992 darauf ab, bis zum Jahre 2002 die Lagerung auf Deponien von zuvor nicht behandelten Abfâllen zu untersagen. Die Kosten einer solchen Politik, bei der insbesondere die Verbrennung zum Einsatz kommt, sind sehr hoch: zwischen 60 und 100 Milliarden Franc. Die britische Politik beruht dagegen vielmehr auf der Lagerung auf Deponien, auch wenn sie versucht, diesen ùberprozentualen Anteil (90%) zu senken, insbesondere im Wege von steuerlichen MaBnahmen. Da im atlgemeinen die Lagerung auf Deponien allerdings nach wie vor billiger als die Entsorgung (Verbrennung und Recycling) ist, werden die durch die Abfallpolitik entstehenden Kosten in GroBbritannien wahrscheinlich nur geringfugig ansteigen. [spa] Polftica de los desechos : el enfoque del Reino Unido . La evolucion reciente de la reglamentacion europea en lo que se refiere a los desechos puede acarrear unos costes importantes para los Estados miembros. El ejemplo britânico es tanto mâs interesante para Francia cuanto que ambos pafses ofrecen rasgos similares : una casi idéntica cantidad de desechos domésticos (aproxima- damente unos 20 millones de toneladas), capacidad limitada de los incineradores existentes, normas insuficientes de las instalaciones respecte a las nuevas exigencias europeas. Unas diferencias en las polfticas nacionales hacen que difieren las perspectivas de evolucion de los costes de tratamiento entre los dos pafses : en Francia, la ley de 1 992 tiene como meta la supresiôn de aquf a 2002 de la puesta en vertedero de aquellos desechos que no hayan tenido un tratamiento previo. Los costes de semejante politica, que se vale mâs que todo de la incineraciôn, aparecen sumamente elevados : entre unos 60 000 y 100 000 millones de francos. Por lo contrario la polftica britânica descansa mayormente en la puesta en vertedero, aunque intente disminuir una cuota demasiado fuerte (el 90 %) mediante la fiscalidad, ante todo. De hecho, ya que sigue siendo menos onerosa la puesta en vertedero que el tratamiento (incineraciôn y reciclaje), el aumento de los costes de la polftica de los desechos deberfa permanecer mâs moderado en el Reino Unido.

Suggested Citation

  • David Litvan, 1995. "Politique des déchets : l'approche du Royaume-Uni," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 290(1), pages 81-90.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1995_num_290_1_6021
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1995.6021
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1995.6021
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Baumol,William J. & Oates,Wallace E., 1988. "The Theory of Environmental Policy," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521322249.
    2. Gérard Bertolini, 1992. "Les déchets : rebuts ou ressources ?," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 258(1), pages 129-134.
    3. Cropper, Maureen L & Oates, Wallace E, 1992. "Environmental Economics: A Survey," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 30(2), pages 675-740, June.
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