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Du SME à la monnaie unique

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  • Pierre Jaillet
  • Christian Pfister

Abstract

[spa] Del SME a la moneda ûnica . Anâlisis de los aspectos monetarios del Tratado . Por querer sus promotores que el SME favoreciera la creaciôn de una zona de estabilidad en Europa, este reforzô sobre todo la convergencia de las economîas europeas hacia un modelo de crecimiento con una inflaciôn tenue. A principios de los arïos noventa, el sistema de paridades del SME se revelô ser poco compatible con los factures econômicos fundamentals de ciertos miembros : los fermentas de inestabilidad y de disfunciones del SME que de allî resultaron, desembocaron en la crisis del cambio del otorïo de 1992 (salida de la lira italiana y de la libra esterlina del SME, devaluation de la peseta). Las ensenanzas de esta crisis favorecen sin embargo el mantenimiento de la dinâmica de union monetaria. . La segunda fase de la UEM (1994) y etapa de transiciôn prevé el marco institucional para la coordinaciôn de las polîticas monetarias y el auge del ecu : el Instituto Monetario Europeo. El paso a las etapas segunda y tercera no implica el que todos los miembros se encuentren en el mismo estadio de integraciôn monetaria : el Tratado prevé de manera explicita la posibilidad de progresos diferenciados. . En 1997 (ô a mâs tardar en 1999), las paridades de las monedas de los miembros que participen en la tercera etapa se fijarân de manera irrevocable; la adopciôn del ecu como moneda ûnica deberfa de intervenir a brevîsimo plazo. . La confianza otorgada al Sistema Europeo de Bancos Centrales (SEBC) por su independencia deberîa de favorecer la realizaciôn del objetivo de estabilidad de los precios. En fin queda por définir la puesta en prâctica de la polftica monetaria, de la que el Tratado solo describe las grandes Ifneas : entre un esquema centralizado y otro en el que los bancos centrales nacionales seguirîan protagonizando un papel prédominante, el abanico de posibilidades sigue abierto. [eng] From the EMS to a Single Currency . An Analysis of the Monetary Aspects of the Treaty . Advocated by its instigators as creating a stable zone in Europe, the EMS has mainly strengthened the alignment of European economies with a low-inflation growth model. In the early 1990s, the EMS parity table proved to be fairly incompatible with the economic fundamentals of certain Member States: the consequent brewing instability in the EMS led to the foreign exchange rate crisis in the autumn of 1 992 (departure of the Italian lira and the pound sterling from the EMS and the devaluation of the peseta). However, the lessons drawn from this crisis tend to defend the maintenance of the monetary union's dynamic. . The second and transitional phase of EMU in 1 994 will see the institutional structure of the European Monetary Institute co-ordinating the monetary policies and the rapid expansion of the Ecu. Progress to the second and third phases does not imply that all Member States should be at the same stage of monetary integration: the Treaty explicitly provides for the possibility of disparate progress. . In 1997 (or 1999 at the latest), parities between the currencies of the countries taking part in the third stage will be irrevocably set. The adoption of the Ecu as a single currency should take place in as short a time as possible. . The credibility enjoyed by the European System of Central Banking (ESCB) as a result of its independence should further the accomplishment of the price stability goal. The implementation of monetary policy still needs to be defined as the Treaty only gives guidelines. A wide range of possible scenarios still exists between a centralized system and a system in which the national central banks would continue to play a dominant role. [ger] Vom EWS zur einheitlichen Wâhrung . Eine Analyse der monetâren Aspekte des Vertrages . Das EWS, mit dem seine Grùnder eine Zone wàhrungspolitischer Stabilitât in Europa schaffen wollten, hat die Konvergenz der europàischen Volkswirtschaften hin zu einem Wachstumsmodell mit geringer Inflationsrate wesentlich verstàrkt. Anfangs der neunziger Jahre stellte sich jedoch heraus, daB das Paritàtengitter des EWS mit den grundlegenden Wirtschaftsdaten einiger Mitgliedstaaten kaum mehr vereinbar war. Dies fùhrte zu Instabilitàt und Funktionsstôrungen innerhalb des EWS und schlieBlich zu der Wechselkurskrise im Herbst 1992 (Ausscheiden der italienischen Lira und des britischen Pfundes aus dem EWS, Abwertung der spanischen Peseta). Die Lehren, die man aus dieser Krise ziehen konnte, verdeutlichen jedoch, daB die Errichtung der Wâhrungsunion nicht an Dynamik verlieren darf. . Die Ùbergangsphase, d.h. die 1994 beginnende zweite Stufe der WWU, sieht die Errichtung des institutionellen Rahmens fur die Koordinierung der Wâhrungspolitiken, den verstàrkten Einsatz des ECU und die Grùndung des Europàischen Wàhrungsinstituts vor. Fur die Verwirklichung der zweiten und der dritten Stufe ist . allerdings nicht erforderlich, daB aile Mitgliedstaaten den gleichen Grad an monetàrer Integration erreicht haben. Im Vertragstext ist die Môglichkeit unterschiedlicher Fortschritte ausdrùcklich vorgesehen. . 1997 (oder spàtestens 1999) werden die Wechselkurse der an der dritten Stufe teilnehmenden Lànder unwiderruflich festgelegt. Die Einfùhrung des ECU als einheitliche Wàhrung soil danach môglichst rasch erfolgen. . Aufgrund seiner Unabhângigkeit und der damit verbundenen Glaubwùrdigkeit dùrfte das Europàische System der Zentralbanken (ESZB) wesentlich dazu beitragen, daB das Ziel der Preisstabilitât erreicht werden kann. Die Durchfùhrung der Wâhrungspolitik, die im Vertrag nur in Umrissen festgelegt ist, muB allerdings im einzelnen noch definiert werden. Es besteht die Wahl zwischen einem zentralisierten System und einem System, bei dem die nationalen Zentralbanken auch weiterhin eine dominierende Stellung einnehmen wurden; die sich bietenden Môglichkeiten sind vielfâltig. [fre] Du SME à la monnaie unique Analyse des aspects monétaires du traité . Voué par ses promoteurs à la création d'une zone de stabilité en Europe, le SME a principalement renforcé la convergence des économies européennes vers un modèle de croissance à faible niveau d'inflation. Au début des années quatre-vingt-dix, la grille des parités du SME s'est révélée peu compatible avec les facteurs économiques fondamentaux de certains pays membres : les ferments d'instabilité du SME qui en ont résulté ont conduit à la crise de change de l'automne 1992 (sortie de la lire italienne et de la livre sterling du SME, dévaluation de la peseta). Les enseignements de cette crise inclinent cependant au maintien de la dynamique d'union monétaire. . Etape de transition, la deuxième phase de l'UEM (1994) prévoit le cadre institutionnel pour la coordination des politiques monétaires et l'essor de l'Ecu, l'Institut monétaire européen. L'avancée en deuxième puis en troisième étape n'implique pas que tous les pays membres se situent au même stade d'intégration monétaire : le traité prévoit explicitement la possibilité de progrès différenciés. . En 1997 (ou au plus tard en 1999), les parités des monnaies des pays participant à la troisième étape seront irrévocablement fixées ; l'adoption de l'Ecu comme monnaie unique devrait intervenir dans un délai aussi bref que possible. . La crédibilité conférée au Système européen de banques centrales (SEBC) par son indépendance devrait favoriser la réalisation de l'objectif de stabilité des prix. La mise en oeuvre de la politique monétaire, dont le traité ne dessine que les grandes lignes, reste enfin à définir : entre un schéma centralisé et un schéma dans lequel les banques centrales nationales continueraient de jouer un rôle prépondérant, la gamme des possibles reste large.

Suggested Citation

  • Pierre Jaillet & Christian Pfister, 1993. "Du SME à la monnaie unique," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 262(1), pages 21-36.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1993_num_262_1_5719
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1993.5719
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1993.5719
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    5. Bayoumi, Tamim & Eichengreen, Barry, 1992. "Shocking Aspects of Monetary Unification," Department of Economics, Working Paper Series qt791143kp, Department of Economics, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley.
    6. Tamim Bayoumi & Barry Eichengreen, 1992. "Shocking Aspects of European Monetary Unification," NBER Working Papers 3949, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    7. Sanvi Avouyi-Dovi & Jean-Pierre Laffargue, 1994. "Dynamique des taux de change à l'intérieur du SME," Annals of Economics and Statistics, GENES, issue 35, pages 47-85.
    8. Monticelli, Carlo & Strauss-Kahn, Marc-Olivier, 1993. "European Integration and the Demand for Broad Money," The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, University of Manchester, vol. 61(4), pages 345-366, December.
    9. Artus, P. & Salomon, R., 1992. "The EMS, Credibility and Disinflation: The French Case," Papers 1992-17, Caisse des Depots et Consignations - Cahiers de recherche.
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    1. Jean Cordier & Pierre Jaillet & Dominique Plihon, 1993. "La conduite des politiques économiques et le policy-mix dans l'UEM," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 262(1), pages 37-48.

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