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Estimation of Transmission Parameters of H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus in Chickens

Author

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  • Annemarie Bouma
  • Ivo Claassen
  • Ketut Natih
  • Don Klinkenberg
  • Christl A Donnelly
  • Guus Koch
  • Michiel van Boven

Abstract

Despite considerable research efforts, little is yet known about key epidemiological parameters of H5N1 highly pathogenic influenza viruses in their avian hosts. Here we show how these parameters can be estimated using a limited number of birds in experimental transmission studies. Our quantitative estimates, based on Bayesian methods of inference, reveal that (i) the period of latency of H5N1 influenza virus in unvaccinated chickens is short (mean: 0.24 days; 95% credible interval: 0.099–0.48 days); (ii) the infectious period of H5N1 virus in unvaccinated chickens is approximately 2 days (mean: 2.1 days; 95%CI: 1.8–2.3 days); (iii) the reproduction number of H5N1 virus in unvaccinated chickens need not be high (mean: 1.6; 95%CI: 0.90–2.5), although the virus is expected to spread rapidly because it has a short generation interval in unvaccinated chickens (mean: 1.3 days; 95%CI: 1.0–1.5 days); and (iv) vaccination with genetically and antigenically distant H5N2 vaccines can effectively halt transmission. Simulations based on the estimated parameters indicate that herd immunity may be obtained if at least 80% of chickens in a flock are vaccinated. We discuss the implications for the control of H5N1 avian influenza virus in areas where it is endemic.Author Summary: Outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in poultry first occurred in China in 1996. Since that time, the virus has become endemic in Asia, and has been the cause of outbreaks in Africa and Europe. Although many aspects of H5N1 virus biology have been studied in detail, surprisingly little is known about the key epidemiological parameters of the virus in its avian hosts (the length of time from infection until a bird becomes infectious, the duration of infectiousness, how many birds each infectious bird will infect). In this paper we show, using experimental transmission studies with unvaccinated and vaccinated chickens, that H5N1 avian influenza induces a short duration of infectiousness (∼2 days) and a very short period of time from infection until infectiousness (∼0.25 day) in unvaccinated chickens. Furthermore, while transmission was efficient among unvaccinated birds, no bird-to-bird transmission was observed in vaccinated chickens. Our results indicate that it may be difficult to curb outbreaks by vaccination after an introduction in a flock has been detected. On the other hand, preventive vaccination could be effective in preventing virus introductions and limiting the size of outbreaks.

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  • Annemarie Bouma & Ivo Claassen & Ketut Natih & Don Klinkenberg & Christl A Donnelly & Guus Koch & Michiel van Boven, 2009. "Estimation of Transmission Parameters of H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus in Chickens," PLOS Pathogens, Public Library of Science, vol. 5(1), pages 1-13, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:ppat00:1000281
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000281
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kim M Pepin & Jia Wang & Colleen T Webb & Jennifer A Hoeting & Mary Poss & Peter J Hudson & Wenshan Hong & Huachen Zhu & Yi Guan & Steven Riley, 2013. "Anticipating the Prevalence of Avian Influenza Subtypes H9 and H5 in Live-Bird Markets," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(2), pages 1-8, February.
    2. Francesco Pinotti & Lisa Kohnle & José Lourenço & Sunetra Gupta & Md. Ahasanul Hoque & Rashed Mahmud & Paritosh Biswas & Dirk Pfeiffer & Guillaume Fournié, 2024. "Modelling the transmission dynamics of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in a live bird market," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-10, December.
    3. Alyssa Marchese & Alice Hovorka, 2022. "Zoonoses Transfer, Factory Farms and Unsustainable Human–Animal Relations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-10, October.
    4. Moyen, Natalie & Hoque, Md Ahasanul & Mahmud, Rashed & Hasan, Mahmudul & Sarkar, Sudipta & Biswas, Paritosh Kumar & Mehedi, Hossain & Henning, Joerg & Mangtani, Punam & Flora, Meerjady Sabrina & Rahma, 2021. "Avian influenza transmission risk along live poultry trading networks in Bangladesh," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 112514, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.

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