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Global reach of ageism on older persons’ health: A systematic review

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  • E-Shien Chang
  • Sneha Kannoth
  • Samantha Levy
  • Shi-Yi Wang
  • John E Lee
  • Becca R Levy

Abstract

Objective: Although there is anecdotal evidence of ageism occurring at both the structural level (in which societal institutions reinforce systematic bias against older persons) and individual level (in which older persons take in the negative views of aging of their culture), previous systematic reviews have not examined how both levels simultaneously influence health. Thus, the impact of ageism may be underestimated. We hypothesized that a comprehensive systematic review would reveal that these ageism levels adversely impact the health of older persons across geography, health outcomes, and time. Method: A literature search was performed using 14 databases with no restrictions on region, language, and publication type. The systematic search yielded 13,691 papers for screening, 638 for full review, and 422 studies for analyses. Sensitivity analyses that adjusted for sample size and study quality were conducted using standardized tools. The study protocol is registered (PROSPERO CRD42018090857). Results: Ageism led to significantly worse health outcomes in 95.5% of the studies and 74.0% of the 1,159 ageism-health associations examined. The studies reported ageism effects in all 45 countries, 11 health domains, and 25 years studied, with the prevalence of significant findings increasing over time (p

Suggested Citation

  • E-Shien Chang & Sneha Kannoth & Samantha Levy & Shi-Yi Wang & John E Lee & Becca R Levy, 2020. "Global reach of ageism on older persons’ health: A systematic review," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(1), pages 1-24, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0220857
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220857
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Becca R. Levy & Jeffrey M. Hausdorff & Rebecca Hencke & Jeanne Y. Wei, 2000. "Reducing Cardiovascular Stress With Positive Self-Stereotypes of Aging," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 55(4), pages 205-213.
    2. Rakowski, W. & Hickey, T., 1992. "Mortality and the attribution of health problems to aging among older adults," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 82(8), pages 1139-1141.
    3. Becca R. Levy & Alan B. Zonderman & Martin D. Slade & Luigi Ferrucci, 2012. "Memory Shaped by Age Stereotypes over Time," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 67(4), pages 432-436.
    4. Sheung-Tak Cheng & Alfred C. M. Chan, 2006. "Filial Piety and Psychological Well-Being in Well Older Chinese," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 61(5), pages 262-269.
    5. Becca R. Levy & Martin D. Slade & Stanislav V. Kasl, 2002. "Longitudinal Benefit of Positive Self-Perceptions of Aging on Functional Health," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 57(5), pages 409-417.
    6. Nick Drydakis & Peter MacDonald & Vangelis Chiotis & Laurence Somers, 2018. "Age discrimination in the UK labour market. Does race moderate ageism? An experimental investigation," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(1), pages 1-4, January.
    7. Patrick Button, 2019. "Population Aging, Age Discrimination, and Age Discrimination Protections at the 50th Anniversary of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act," NBER Working Papers 25850, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    8. Minyoung Kwak & Berit Ingersoll-Dayton & Sarah Burgard, 2014. "Receipt of Care and Depressive Symptoms in Later Life: The Importance of Self-Perceptions of Aging," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 69(2), pages 325-335.
    9. Kerry A. Sargent-Cox & Kaarin J. Anstey & Mary A. Luszcz, 2014. "Longitudinal Change of Self-Perceptions of Aging and Mortality," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 69(2), pages 168-173.
    10. Alessandro Liberati & Douglas G Altman & Jennifer Tetzlaff & Cynthia Mulrow & Peter C Gøtzsche & John P A Ioannidis & Mike Clarke & P J Devereaux & Jos Kleijnen & David Moher, 2009. "The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(7), pages 1-28, July.
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    1. Cristina Voinea & Tenzin Wangmo & Constantin Vică, 2024. "Paternalistic AI: the case of aged care," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-9, December.

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