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Smallholders’ coping mechanisms with wheat rust epidemics: Lessons from Ethiopia

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  • Moti Jaleta
  • Dave Hodson
  • Bekele Abeyo
  • Chilot Yirga
  • Olaf Erenstein

Abstract

Crops are variously susceptible to biotic stresses–something expected to increase under climate change. In the case of staple crops, this potentially undermines household and national food security. We examine recent wheat rust epidemics and smallholders’ coping mechanisms in Ethiopia as a case study. Wheat is a major food crop in Ethiopia widely grown by smallholders. In 2010/11 a yellow rust epidemic affected over one-third of the national wheat area. Two waves of nationally representative household level panel data collected for the preceding wheat season (2009/10) and three years after (2013/14) the occurrence of the epidemic allow us to analyze the different coping mechanisms farmers used in response. Apart from using fungicides as ex-post coping mechanism, increasing wheat area under yellow rust resistant varieties, increasing diversity of wheat varieties grown, or a combination of these strategies were the main ex-ante coping mechanisms farmers had taken in reducing the potential effects of rust re-occurrence. Large-scale dis-adoption of highly susceptible varieties and replacement with new, rust resistant varieties was observed subsequent to the 2010/11 epidemic. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to identify the key factors associated with smallholder ex-ante coping strategies. Household characteristics, level of specialization in wheat and access to improved wheat seed were the major factors that explained observed choices. There was 29–41% yield advantage in increasing wheat area to the new, resistant varieties even under normal seasons with minimum rust occurrence in the field. Continuous varietal development in responding to emerging new rust races and supporting the deployment of newly released resistant varieties could help smallholders in dealing with rust challenges and maintaining improved yields in the rust-prone environments of Ethiopia. Given the global importance of both wheat and yellow rust and climate change dynamics study findings have relevance to other regions.

Suggested Citation

  • Moti Jaleta & Dave Hodson & Bekele Abeyo & Chilot Yirga & Olaf Erenstein, 2019. "Smallholders’ coping mechanisms with wheat rust epidemics: Lessons from Ethiopia," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(7), pages 1-23, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0219327
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219327
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    1. Daniel P. Bebber & Mark A. T. Ramotowski & Sarah J. Gurr, 2013. "Crop pests and pathogens move polewards in a warming world," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 3(11), pages 985-988, November.
    2. Marcel Fafchamps, 1992. "Cash Crop Production, Food Price Volatility, and Rural Market Integration in the Third World," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 74(1), pages 90-99.
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    1. Euler, Michael & Jaleta, Moti & Gartaula, Hom, 2024. "Associations between women’s bargaining power and the adoption of rust-resistant wheat varieties in Ethiopia," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).

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