IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/plo/pone00/0207055.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Gender disparities in depression severity and coping among people living with HIV/AIDS in Kolkata, India

Author

Listed:
  • Dallas Swendeman
  • Anne E Fehrenbacher
  • Soma Roy
  • Rishi Das
  • Protim Ray
  • Stephanie Sumstine
  • Toorjo Ghose
  • Smarajit Jana

Abstract

People living with HIV/AIDS (PLH) experience high rates of depression and related psychosocial risk factors that vary by gender. This study examines gender differences in depression severity among antiretroviral therapy (ART) patients (n = 362) from a large government ART clinic in Kolkata, India. Hypotheses for multiple linear regression models were guided by an integrated gendered stress process model focusing on variables reflecting social status (age, partner status), stressors (stigma), and resources (income, social support). Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); 22% of the sample reached the cutoff for severe depression, 56% moderate, and 13% mild depression. Compared to men, women reported lower income, education (50% no formal education vs. 20% men), availability of emotional and instrumental support, and were less likely to be married or cohabiting (53% women vs. 72% of men). However, more women had partners who were HIV-positive (78% women vs. 46% men). Overall, depression severity was negatively associated with availability of emotional support and self-distraction coping, and positively associated with internalized HIV/AIDS stigma, availability of instrumental support, and behavioral disengagement coping. Interactions for instrumental support by income and partner status by age varied significantly by gender. Analyses stratified by gender indicated that: 1) Frequently seeking instrumental support from others was protective for men at all income levels, but only for high-income women; and 2) having a partner was protective for men as they aged, but not for women. These results suggest that gender disparities in depression severity are created and maintained by women’s lower social status and limited access to resources. The effect of stigma on depression severity did not vary by gender. These findings may inform the tailoring of future interventions to address mental health needs of PLH in India, particularly gender disparities in access to material and social resources for coping with HIV.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov registration #NCT02118454, registered April 2014.

Suggested Citation

  • Dallas Swendeman & Anne E Fehrenbacher & Soma Roy & Rishi Das & Protim Ray & Stephanie Sumstine & Toorjo Ghose & Smarajit Jana, 2018. "Gender disparities in depression severity and coping among people living with HIV/AIDS in Kolkata, India," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(11), pages 1-20, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0207055
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207055
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0207055
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0207055&type=printable
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1371/journal.pone.0207055?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wingood, G.M. & DiClemente, R.J., 1995. "The role of gender relations in HIV prevention research for women," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 85(4), pages 592-592.
    2. Simbayi, Leickness C. & Kalichman, Seth & Strebel, Anna & Cloete, Allanise & Henda, Nomvo & Mqeketo, Ayanda, 2007. "Internalized stigma, discrimination, and depression among men and women living with HIV/AIDS in Cape Town, South Africa," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 64(9), pages 1823-1831, May.
    3. Lennon, Carter A. & Huedo-Medina, Tania B. & Gerwien, Daniel P. & Johnson, Blair T., 2012. "A role for depression in sexual risk reduction for women? A meta-analysis of HIV prevention trials with depression outcomes," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 75(4), pages 688-698.
    4. Steward, Wayne T. & Herek, Gregory M. & Ramakrishna, Jayashree & Bharat, Shalini & Chandy, Sara & Wrubel, Judith & Ekstrand, Maria L., 2008. "HIV-related stigma: Adapting a theoretical framework for use in India," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 67(8), pages 1225-1235, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. O'Donnell, Aisling T. & Foran, Aoife-Marie, 2024. "The link between anticipated and internalized stigma and depression: A systematic review," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Tsai, Alexander C. & Bangsberg, David R. & Emenyonu, Nneka & Senkungu, Jude K. & Martin, Jeffrey N. & Weiser, Sheri D., 2011. "The social context of food insecurity among persons living with HIV/AIDS in rural Uganda," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 73(12), pages 1717-1724.
    2. Burke, Sara E. & Calabrese, Sarah K. & Dovidio, John F. & Levina, Olga S. & Uusküla, Anneli & Niccolai, Linda M. & Abel-Ollo, Katri & Heimer, Robert, 2015. "A tale of two cities: Stigma and health outcomes among people with HIV who inject drugs in St. Petersburg, Russia and Kohtla-Järve, Estonia," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 154-161.
    3. Tsai, Alexander C. & Bangsberg, David R. & Frongillo, Edward A. & Hunt, Peter W. & Muzoora, Conrad & Martin, Jeffrey N. & Weiser, Sheri D., 2012. "Food insecurity, depression and the modifying role of social support among people living with HIV/AIDS in rural Uganda," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 74(12), pages 2012-2019.
    4. Tsai, Alexander C. & Venkataramani, Atheendar S., 2015. "The causal effect of education on HIV stigma in Uganda: Evidence from a natural experiment," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 37-46.
    5. Gaeul Kim & Jinmok Kim & Su-Kyoung Lee & Juho Sim & Yangwook Kim & Byung-Yoon Yun & Jin-Ha Yoon, 2020. "Multidimensional gender discrimination in workplace and depressive symptoms," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(7), pages 1-13, July.
    6. Mbokazi, Nonzuzo & van Pinxteren, Myrna & Murphy, Katherine & Mair, Frances S. & May, Carl R. & Levitt, Naomi S., 2023. "Ubuntu as a mediator in coping with multimorbidity treatment burden in a disadvantaged rural and urban setting in South Africa," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
    7. Steward, Wayne T. & Herek, Gregory M. & Ramakrishna, Jayashree & Bharat, Shalini & Chandy, Sara & Wrubel, Judith & Ekstrand, Maria L., 2008. "HIV-related stigma: Adapting a theoretical framework for use in India," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 67(8), pages 1225-1235, October.
    8. Aaron M Kipp & Carolyn M Audet & Valerie A Earnshaw & Jared Owens & Catherine C McGowan & Kenneth A Wallston, 2015. "Re-Validation of the Van Rie HIV/AIDS-Related Stigma Scale for Use with People Living with HIV in the United States," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(3), pages 1-16, March.
    9. Arimoto, Yutaka & Hori, Narumi & Ito, Seiro & Kudo, Yuya & Tsukada, Kazunari, 2016. "Impacts of an HIV counseling and testing initiative -- results from an experimental intervention in a large firm in South Africa," IDE Discussion Papers 597, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization(JETRO).
    10. Maria H Lindberg & Lena Wettergren & Maria Wiklander & Veronica Svedhem-Johansson & Lars E Eriksson, 2014. "Psychometric Evaluation of the HIV Stigma Scale in a Swedish Context," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(12), pages 1-16, December.
    11. Horwood, Christiane & Voce, Anna & Vermaak, Kerry & Rollins, Nigel & Qazi, Shamim, 2010. "Routine checks for HIV in children attending primary health care facilities in South Africa: Attitudes of nurses and child caregivers," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 70(2), pages 313-320, January.
    12. Charlotte Bernard & François Dabis & Nathalie de Rekeneire, 2017. "Prevalence and factors associated with depression in people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(8), pages 1-22, August.
    13. Kathryn P Derose & Denise D Payán & María Altagracia Fulcar & Sergio Terrero & Ramón Acevedo & Hugo Farías & Kartika Palar, 2017. "Factors contributing to food insecurity among women living with HIV in the Dominican Republic: A qualitative study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(7), pages 1-19, July.
    14. Aranka Anema & Sarah J Fielden & Susan Shurgold & Erin Ding & Jennifer Messina & Jennifer E Jones & Brian Chittock & Ken Monteith & Jason Globerman & Sean B Rourke & Robert S Hogg & Canada Food Securi, 2016. "Association between Food Insecurity and Procurement Methods among People Living with HIV in a High Resource Setting," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(8), pages 1-20, August.
    15. Aboud, Frances E. & Singla, Daisy R., 2012. "Challenges to changing health behaviours in developing countries: A critical overview," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 75(4), pages 589-594.
    16. McPherson, A., 2009. "Health service delivery and other HIV/AIDS related interventions in the fisheries sector in Sub-Saharan Africa: a literature review," Monographs, The WorldFish Center, number 38688, April.
    17. Salmen, Charles R. & Hickey, Matthew D. & Fiorella, Kathryn J. & Omollo, Dan & Ouma, Gor & Zoughbie, Daniel & Salmen, Marcus R. & Magerenge, Richard & Tessler, Robert & Campbell, Harold & Geng, Elvin , 2015. "“Wan Kanyakla” (We are together): Community transformations in Kenya following a social network intervention for HIV care," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 332-340.
    18. Dickens Akena & Seggane Musisi & John Joska & Dan J Stein, 2012. "The Association between Aids Related Stigma and Major Depressive Disorder among HIV-Positive Individuals in Uganda," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(11), pages 1-6, November.
    19. Nella Otoobea Anakwa & Enoch Teye-Kwadjo & Irene A. Kretchy, 2021. "Effect of HIV-Related Stigma and HIV-Related Stress on HIV Disclosure Concerns: a Study of HIV-Positive Persons on Antiretroviral Therapy at Two Urban Hospitals in Ghana," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 16(3), pages 1249-1264, June.
    20. Maman, Suzanne & Abler, Laurie & Parker, Lisa & Lane, Tim & Chirowodza, Admire & Ntogwisangu, Jacob & Srirak, Namtip & Modiba, Precious & Murima, Oliver & Fritz, Katherine, 2009. "A comparison of HIV stigma and discrimination in five international sites: The influence of care and treatment resources in high prevalence settings," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 68(12), pages 2271-2278, June.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0207055. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: plosone (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.