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Dietary changes needed to reach nutritional adequacy without increasing diet cost according to income: An analysis among French adults

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  • Matthieu Maillot
  • Florent Vieux
  • Fabien Delaere
  • Anne Lluch
  • Nicole Darmon

Abstract

Objective: To explore the dietary changes needed to achieve nutritional adequacy across income levels at constant energy and diet cost. Materials and methods: Individual diet modelling was used to design iso-caloric, nutritionally adequate optimised diets for each observed diet in a sample of adult normo-reporters aged ≥20 years (n = 1,719) from the Individual and National Dietary Survey (INCA2), 2006–2007. Diet cost was estimated from mean national food prices (2006–2007). A first set of free-cost models explored the impact of optimisation on the variation of diet cost. A second set of iso-cost models explored the dietary changes induced by the optimisation with cost set equal to the observed one. Analyses of dietary changes were conducted by income quintiles, adjusting for energy intake, sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables, and smoking status. Results: The cost of observed diets increased with increasing income quintiles. In free-cost models, the optimisation increased diet cost on average (+0.22 ± 1.03 euros/d) and within each income quintile, with no significant difference between quintiles, but with systematic increases for observed costs lower than 3.85 euros/d. In iso-cost models, it was possible to design nutritionally adequate diets whatever the initial observed cost. On average, the optimisation at iso-cost increased fruits and vegetables (+171 g/day), starchy foods (+121 g/d), water and beverages (+91 g/d), and dairy products (+20 g/d), and decreased the other food groups (e.g. mixed dishes and salted snacks), leading to increased total diet weight (+300 g/d). Those changes were mostly similar across income quintiles, but lower-income individuals needed to introduce significantly more fruit and vegetables than higher-income ones. Conclusions: In France, the dietary changes needed to reach nutritional adequacy without increasing cost are similar regardless of income, but may be more difficult to implement when the budget for food is lower than 3.85 euros/d.

Suggested Citation

  • Matthieu Maillot & Florent Vieux & Fabien Delaere & Anne Lluch & Nicole Darmon, 2017. "Dietary changes needed to reach nutritional adequacy without increasing diet cost according to income: An analysis among French adults," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(3), pages 1-20, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0174679
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174679
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    Cited by:

    1. Bai, Yan & Alemu, Robel & Block, Steven A. & Headey, Derek & Masters, William A., 2021. "Cost and affordability of nutritious diets at retail prices: Evidence from 177 countries," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    2. Schneider, Kate R., 2022. "Nationally representative estimates of the cost of adequate diets, nutrient level drivers, and policy options for households in rural Malawi," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
    3. Masters, William A. & Bai, Yan & Herforth, Anna & Sarpong, Daniel & Mishili, Fulgence & Kinabo, Joyce & Coates, Jennifer C., 2017. "Measuring Access to Nutritious Diets in Africa: Novel Price Indexes for Diet Diversity and the Cost of Nutrient Adequacy," 2018 Allied Social Sciences Association (ASSA) Annual Meeting, January 5-7, 2018, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 264946, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    4. Yicong Li & Qiran Zhao & Tianchang Zhai & Wei Si, 2023. "Structural transition of protein intake in urban China: Stage characteristics and driving forces," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(S1), pages 1559-1577, December.
    5. Audrey Rocabois & Orsolya Tompa & Florent Vieux & Matthieu Maillot & Rozenn Gazan, 2022. "Diet Optimization for Sustainability: INDIGOO, an Innovative Multilevel Model Combining Individual and Population Objectives," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-16, October.
    6. Rozenn Gazan & Florent Vieux & Anne Lluch & Stephanie de Vriese & Beatrice Trotin & Nicole Darmon, 2022. "Individual Diet Optimization in French Adults Shows That Plant-Based “Dairy-like” Products May Complement Dairy in Sustainable Diets," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-17, February.
    7. Eliseu Verly Jr & Nicole Darmon & Rosely Sichieri & Flavia Mori Sarti, 2020. "Reaching culturally acceptable and adequate diets at the lowest cost increment according to income level in Brazilian households," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(3), pages 1-15, March.
    8. Schneider, Kate, 2021. "Nationally Representative Estimates of the Cost of Adequate Diets, Nutrient Level Drivers, and Policy Options for Households in Rural Malawi," 2021 Conference, August 17-31, 2021, Virtual 315035, International Association of Agricultural Economists.

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