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Independent association between socioeconomic indicators and macro- and micro-nutrient intake in Switzerland

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  • Carlos de Mestral
  • Pedro Marques-Vidal
  • Jean-Michel Gaspoz
  • Jean-Marc Theler
  • Idris Guessous

Abstract

Background: Socioeconomic differences in diet are rarely assessed with more than one indicator. We aimed to assess differences in macro- and micro-nutrient intake in both sexes according to education, income, and occupation. Methods: We used data from validated food frequency questionnaire measured dietary intake in 5087 participants (2157 women) from yearly adult population-based cross-sectional surveys conducted from 2005 to 2012 in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland. We used two ANOVA models: age-adjusted and multivariable adjusted simultaneously for all three socioeconomic indicators. Results: Low-education men consumed more calcium but less vitamin D than high-education men; low-income men consumed less total and animal protein (80.9±0.9 vs 84.0±0.6 g/d; 55.6±1.0 vs 59.5±0.7 g/d) and more total carbohydrates and sugars (246±2 vs 235±2 g/d; 108±2 vs 103±1 g/d) than high-income men. Occupation and diet showed no association. Low-education women consumed less vegetable protein (20.7±0.2 vs 21.6±0.2 g/d), fibre (15.7±0.3 vs 16.8±0.2 g/d), and carotene (4222±158 vs 4870±128 μg/d) than high-education women; low-income women consumed more total carbohydrates (206±2 vs 197±1 g/d) and less monounsaturated fat (27.7±0.4 vs 29.3±0.3 g/d) than high-income women. Finally, low-occupation women consumed more total energy (1792±27 vs 1714±15 kcal/d) and total carbohydrates (206±2 vs 200±1 g/d), but less saturated fat (23.0±0.3 vs 24.4±0.2 g/d), calcium (935±17 vs 997±10 mg/d) and vitamin D (2.5±0.1 vs 2.9±0.1 μg/d), than high-occupation women. Conclusion: In Switzerland, the influence of socioeconomic factors on nutrient intake differs by sex; income and education, but not occupation, drive differences among men; among women, all three indicators seem to play a role. Interventions to reduce inequalities should consider the influence of education, income, and occupation in diet to be most effective.

Suggested Citation

  • Carlos de Mestral & Pedro Marques-Vidal & Jean-Michel Gaspoz & Jean-Marc Theler & Idris Guessous, 2017. "Independent association between socioeconomic indicators and macro- and micro-nutrient intake in Switzerland," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(4), pages 1-15, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0174578
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174578
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Nicole Darmon & Anne Lacroix & Laurent Muller & Bernard Ruffieux, 2014. "Food price policies improve diet quality while increasing socioeconomic inequalities in nutrition," Post-Print hal-01845621, HAL.
    2. Galobardes, B. & Costanza, M.C. & Bernstein, M.S. & Delhumeau, C. & Morabia, A., 2003. "Trends in Risk Factors for Lifestyle-Related Diseases by Socioeconomic Position in Geneva, Switzerland, 1993-2000: Health Inequalities Persist," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 93(8), pages 1302-1309.
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