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Impact of vaccine herd-protection effects in cost-effectiveness analyses of childhood vaccinations. A quantitative comparative analysis

Author

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  • Marisa Holubar
  • Maria Christina Stavroulakis
  • Yvonne Maldonado
  • John P A Ioannidis
  • Despina Contopoulos-Ioannidis

Abstract

Background: Inclusion of vaccine herd-protection effects in cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) can impact the CEAs-conclusions. However, empirical epidemiologic data on the size of herd-protection effects from original studies are limited. Methods: We performed a quantitative comparative analysis of the impact of herd-protection effects in CEAs for four childhood vaccinations (pneumococcal, meningococcal, rotavirus and influenza). We considered CEAs reporting incremental-cost-effectiveness-ratios (ICERs) (per quality-adjusted-life-years [QALY] gained; per life-years [LY] gained or per disability-adjusted-life-years [DALY] avoided), both with and without herd protection, while keeping all other model parameters stable. We calculated the size of the ICER-differences without vs with-herd-protection and estimated how often inclusion of herd-protection led to crossing of the cost-effectiveness threshold (of an assumed societal-willingness-to-pay) of $50,000 for more-developed countries or X3GDP/capita (WHO-threshold) for less-developed countries. Results: We identified 35 CEA studies (20 pneumococcal, 4 meningococcal, 8 rotavirus and 3 influenza vaccines) with 99 ICER-analyses (55 per-QALY, 27 per-LY and 17 per-DALY). The median ICER-absolute differences per QALY, LY and DALY (without minus with herd-protection) were $15,620 (IQR: $877 to $48,376); $54,871 (IQR: $787 to $115,026) and $49 (IQR: $15 to $1,636) respectively. When the target-vaccination strategy was not cost-saving without herd-protection, inclusion of herd-protection always resulted in more favorable results. In CEAs that had ICERs above the cost-effectiveness threshold without herd-protection, inclusion of herd-protection led to crossing of that threshold in 45% of the cases. This impacted only CEAs for more developed countries, as all but one CEAs for less developed countries had ICERs below the WHO-cost-effectiveness threshold even without herd-protection. In several analyses, recommendation for the adoption of the target vaccination strategy depended on the inclusion of the herd protection effect. Conclusions: Inclusion of herd-protection effects in CEAs had a substantial impact in the estimated ICERs and made target-vaccination strategies more attractive options in almost half of the cases where ICERs were above the societal-willingness to pay threshold without herd-protection. More empirical epidemiologic data are needed to determine the size of herd-protection effects across diverse settings and also the size of negative vaccine effects, e.g. from serotype substitution.

Suggested Citation

  • Marisa Holubar & Maria Christina Stavroulakis & Yvonne Maldonado & John P A Ioannidis & Despina Contopoulos-Ioannidis, 2017. "Impact of vaccine herd-protection effects in cost-effectiveness analyses of childhood vaccinations. A quantitative comparative analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(3), pages 1-22, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0172414
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172414
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Elias Eythorsson & Tinna L Ásgeirsdóttir & Helga Erlendsdóttir & Birgir Hrafnkelsson & Karl G Kristinsson & Ásgeir Haraldsson, 2021. "The impact and cost-effectiveness of introducing the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine into the paediatric immunisation programme in Iceland—A population-based time series analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(4), pages 1-24, April.
    2. Bing Wang & Gang Chen & Julie Ratcliffe & Hossein Haji Ali Afzali & Lynne Giles & Helen Marshall, 2017. "Adolescent values for immunisation programs in Australia: A discrete choice experiment," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(7), pages 1-14, July.

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