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Severity of Depression, Anxious Distress and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in a Swedish Population-Based Cohort

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  • Aysha Almas
  • Yvonne Forsell
  • Romaina Iqbal
  • Imre Janszky
  • Jette Moller

Abstract

Background: Depression is known to be associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This population-based cohort study aimed to determine the association between depression of varying severity and risk for CVD and to study the effect of concomitant anxious distress on this association. Methods: We utilized data from a longitudinal cohort study of mental health, work and relations among adults (20–64 years), with a total of 10,443 individuals. Depression and anxious distress were assessed using psychiatric rating scales and defined according to DSM-5. Outcomes were register-based and self-reported cardiovascular diseases. Findings: Overall increased odds ratios of 1.5 to 2.6 were seen for the different severity levels of depression, with the highest adjusted OR for moderate depression (OR 2.1 (95% CI 1.3, 3.5). Similar odds ratios were seen for sub-groups of CVD: ischemic/hypertensive heart disease and stroke, 2.4 (95% CI 1.4, 3.9) and OR 2.1 (95%CI 1.2, 3.8) respectively. Depression with anxious distress as a specifier of severity showed OR of 2.1 (95% CI 1.5, 2.9) for CVD. Conclusion: This study found that severity level of depression seems to be of significance for increased risk of CVD among depressed persons, although not in a dose-response manner which might be obscured due to treatment of depression. Further, we found a higher risk of CVD among depressed individuals with symptoms of anxious distress.

Suggested Citation

  • Aysha Almas & Yvonne Forsell & Romaina Iqbal & Imre Janszky & Jette Moller, 2015. "Severity of Depression, Anxious Distress and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in a Swedish Population-Based Cohort," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(10), pages 1-12, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0140742
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140742
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hassmiller, K.M. & Warner, K.E. & Mendez, D. & Levy, D.T. & Romano, E., 2003. "Nondaily Smokers: Who Are They?," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 93(8), pages 1321-1327.
    2. Peter Bergman & Gunnel Ahlberg & Yvonne Forsell & Ingvar Lundberg, 2010. "Non-Participation in the Second Wave of the Part Study on Mental Disorder and Its Effects on Risk Estimates," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 56(2), pages 119-132, March.
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