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Active Smoking and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies

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  • Kan Sun
  • Jianmin Liu
  • Guang Ning

Abstract

Background: Epidemiological evidence suggests that smoking has been associated with emergence of metabolic syndrome. However, data on this issue are inconsistent and controversial. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis to examine the association between smoking and metabolic syndrome. Methodology and Principal Findings: We searched the Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library database up to March 2012 to identify prospective cohort studies related to smoking and metabolic syndrome. Reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed. Summary effect estimates were derived using a random-effects model and stratified by gender, smoking dose, follow-up duration and geographical area. Primary analysis of 13 studies involving 56,691 participants and 8,688 cases detected a significant positive association between active smoking and risk of metabolic syndrome (pooled relative risk [RR] 1.26, 95% CI: 1.10–1.44). Estimates of effects were substantially consistent in the stratified analyses. In the dose-response analysis, risk of metabolic syndrome was stronger for active male smokers (pooled RR 1.34, 95% CI: 1.20–1.50) than it was for former male smokers (pooled RR 1.19, 95% CI: 1.00–1.42), and greater for heavy smokers (pooled RR 1.42, 95% CI: 1.27–1.59) compared with light smokers (pooled RR 1.10, 95% CI: 0.90–1.35). No evidence of statistical publication bias was found (Egger' s test P = 0.227, Begg' s test P = 0.113). Conclusions: Active smoking is associated with development of metabolic syndrome. Smoking cessation appears to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome.

Suggested Citation

  • Kan Sun & Jianmin Liu & Guang Ning, 2012. "Active Smoking and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(10), pages 1-9, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0047791
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047791
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Albanes, D. & Jones, Y. & Micozzi, M.S. & Mattson, M.E., 1987. "Associations between smoking and body weight in the US population: Analysis of NHANES II," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 77(4), pages 439-444.
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    1. M. Vernay & B. Salanave & C. Peretti & C. Druet & A. Malon & V. Deschamps & S. Hercberg & K. Castetbon, 2013. "Metabolic syndrome and socioeconomic status in France: The French Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNS, 2006–2007)," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 58(6), pages 855-864, December.
    2. Jui-Hua Huang & Ren-Hau Li & Shu-Ling Huang & Hon-Ke Sia & Wei-Ting Hsu & Feng-Cheng Tang, 2019. "Health-Associated Nutrition and Exercise Behaviors in Relation to Metabolic Risk Factors Stratified by Body Mass Index," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-13, March.
    3. Sung Hoon Jeong & Bich Na Jang & Seung Hoon Kim & Sung-In Jang & Eun-Cheol Park, 2021. "Investigation of the Association between Smoking Behavior and Metabolic Syndrome Using Lipid Accumulation Product Index among South Korean Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-10, April.
    4. Magdalena Sylwia Kamińska & Anna Maria Cybulska & Mariusz Panczyk & Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka & Dariusz Chlubek & Elżbieta Grochans & Marzanna Stanisławska & Anna Jurczak, 2020. "The Effect of Whole Blood Lead (Pb-B) Levels on Changes in Peripheral Blood Morphology and Selected Biochemical Parameters, and the Severity of Depression in Peri-Menopausal Women at Risk of Metabolic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-18, July.
    5. Miharu Tamaoki & Ikumi Honda & Keisuke Nakanishi & Maki Nakajima & Sophathya Cheam & Manabu Okawada & Hisataka Sakakibara, 2022. "Lifestyle Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Urban Cambodia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-11, August.

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