IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/plo/pone00/0044098.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Association of Educational, Occupational and Socioeconomic Status with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Asian Indians: A Cross-Sectional Study

Author

Listed:
  • Rajeev Gupta
  • Prakash C Deedwania
  • Krishnakumar Sharma
  • Arvind Gupta
  • Soneil Guptha
  • Vijay Achari
  • Arthur J Asirvatham
  • Anil Bhansali
  • Balkishan Gupta
  • Sunil Gupta
  • Mallikarjuna V Jali
  • Tulika G Mahanta
  • Anuj Maheshwari
  • Banshi Saboo
  • Jitendra Singh
  • Rajiv Gupta

Abstract

Background: To determine correlation of multiple parameters of socioeconomic status with cardiovascular risk factors in India. Methods: The study was performed at eleven cities using cluster sampling. Subjects (n = 6198, men 3426, women 2772) were evaluated for socioeconomic, demographic, biophysical and biochemical factors. They were classified into low, medium and high socioeconomic groups based on educational level ( 15 yr formal education), occupational class and socioeconomic scale. Risk factor differences were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Age-adjusted prevalence (%) of risk factors in men and women was overweight or obesity in 41.1 and 45.2, obesity 8.3 and 15.8, high waist circumference 35.7 and 57.5, high waist-hip ratio 69.0 and 83.8, hypertension 32.5 and 30.4, hypercholesterolemia 24.8 and 25.3, low HDL cholesterol 34.1 and 35.1, high triglycerides 41.2 and 31.5, diabetes 16.7 and 14.4 and metabolic syndrome in 32.2 and 40.4 percent. Lifestyle factors were smoking 12.0 and 0.5, other tobacco use 12.7 and 6.3, high fat intake 51.2 and 48.2, low fruits/vegetables intake 25.3 and 28.9, and physical inactivity in 38.8 and 46.1%. Prevalence of > = 3 risk factors was significantly greater in low (28.0%) vs. middle (23.9%) or high (22.1%) educational groups (p = 3 major cardiovascular risk factors.

Suggested Citation

  • Rajeev Gupta & Prakash C Deedwania & Krishnakumar Sharma & Arvind Gupta & Soneil Guptha & Vijay Achari & Arthur J Asirvatham & Anil Bhansali & Balkishan Gupta & Sunil Gupta & Mallikarjuna V Jali & Tul, 2012. "Association of Educational, Occupational and Socioeconomic Status with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Asian Indians: A Cross-Sectional Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(8), pages 1-10, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0044098
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044098
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0044098
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0044098&type=printable
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1371/journal.pone.0044098?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Manor, Orly & Matthews, Sharon & Power, Chris, 2003. "Health selection: the role of inter- and intra-generational mobility on social inequalities in health," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 57(11), pages 2217-2227, December.
    2. repec:dau:papers:123456789/10510 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. June Y T Po & S V Subramanian, 2011. "Mortality Burden and Socioeconomic Status in India," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(2), pages 1-8, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ikechi Gareth Okpechi & Innocent Ijezie Chukwuonye & Nicki Tiffin & Okechukwu Ojoemelam Madukwe & Ugochukwu Uchenna Onyeonoro & Theophilus Ifeanyichukwu Umeizudike & Okechukwu Samuel Ogah, 2013. "Blood Pressure Gradients and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Urban and Rural Populations in Abia State South Eastern Nigeria Using the WHO STEPwise Approach," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(9), pages 1-8, September.
    2. Patricia Rarau & Justin Pulford & Hebe Gouda & Suparat Phuanukoonon & Chris Bullen & Robert Scragg & Bang Nguyen Pham & Barbara McPake & Brian Oldenburg, 2019. "Socio-economic status and behavioural and cardiovascular risk factors in Papua New Guinea: A cross-sectional survey," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(1), pages 1-18, January.
    3. Darlington-Pollock, Frances & Norman, Paul & Lee, Arier C. & Grey, Corina & Mehta, Suneela & Exeter, Daniel J., 2016. "To move or not to move? Exploring the relationship between residential mobility, risk of cardiovascular disease and ethnicity in New Zealand," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 128-140.
    4. Weiwei Ping & Wenjun Cao & Hongzhuan Tan & Chongzheng Guo & Zhiyong Dou & Jianzhou Yang, 2018. "Health protective behavior scale: Development and psychometric evaluation," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(1), pages 1-12, January.
    5. Anubha Agarwal & Devraj Jindal & Vamadevan S Ajay & Dimple Kondal & Siddhartha Mandal & Shreeparna Ghosh & Mumtaj Ali & Kavita Singh & Mark D Huffman & Nikhil Tandon & Dorairaj Prabhakaran, 2019. "Association between socioeconomic position and cardiovascular disease risk factors in rural north India: The Solan Surveillance Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(7), pages 1-16, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jayanta Kumar Bora & Rajesh Raushan & Wolfgang Lutz, 2019. "The persistent influence of caste on under-five mortality: Factors that explain the caste-based gap in high focus Indian states," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(8), pages 1-20, August.
    2. Swati Dutta, 2022. "Risk factors for child survival among tribal dominated states in India: a pooled cross sectional analysis," Journal of Population Research, Springer, vol. 39(3), pages 391-416, September.
    3. Halleröd, Björn & Gustafsson, Jan-Eric, 2011. "A longitudinal analysis of the relationship between changes in socio-economic status and changes in health," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 72(1), pages 116-123, January.
    4. Dawid Gondek & Ke Ning & George B Ploubidis & Bilal Nasim & Alissa Goodman, 2018. "The impact of health on economic and social outcomes in the United Kingdom: A scoping literature review," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(12), pages 1-21, December.
    5. Jayanta Kumar Bora & Nandita Saikia, 2018. "Neonatal and under-five mortality rate in Indian districts with reference to Sustainable Development Goal 3: An analysis of the National Family Health Survey of India (NFHS), 2015–2016," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(7), pages 1-15, July.
    6. Hannelore De Grande & Hadewijch Vandenheede & Patrick Deboosere, 2015. "Educational Inequalities in the Transition to Adulthood in Belgium: The Impact of Intergenerational Mobility on Young-Adult Mortality in 2001-2009," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(12), pages 1-18, December.
    7. Hoffmann, Rasmus & Kröger, Hannes & Pakpahan, Eduwin, 2018. "Pathways between socioeconomic status and health: Does health selection or social causation dominate in Europe?," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 36, pages 23-36.
    8. Silvia Stringhini & Valentin Rousson & Bharathi Viswanathan & Jude Gedeon & Fred Paccaud & Pascal Bovet, 2014. "Association of Socioeconomic Status with Overall and Cause Specific Mortality in the Republic of Seychelles: Results from a Cohort Study in the African Region," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(7), pages 1-8, July.
    9. Guimarães, Joanna M.N. & Clarke, Philippa & Tate, Denise & Coeli, Claudia Medina & Griep, Rosane Harter & Fonseca, Maria de Jesus Mendes da & Santos, Itamar S. & Melo, Enirtes Caetano Prates & Chor, D, 2016. "Social mobility and subclinical atherosclerosis in a middle-income country: Association of intra- and inter-generational social mobility with carotid intima-media thickness in the Brazilian Longitudin," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 9-17.
    10. Hoffmann, Rasmus & Kröger, Hannes & Geyer, Siegfried, 2019. "Social Causation Versus Health Selection in the Life Course: Does Their Relative Importance Differ by Dimension of SES?," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 141(3), pages 1341-1367.
    11. Carter, Jennifer L. & Richards, Marcus & Hotopf, Matthew & Hatch, Stephani L., 2019. "The roles of non-cognitive and cognitive skills in the life course development of adult health inequalities," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 232(C), pages 190-198.
    12. Hongjo Choi & Haejoo Chung & Carles Muntaner, 2019. "Social selection in historical time: The case of tuberculosis in South Korea after the East Asian financial crisis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(5), pages 1-13, May.
    13. Nandita Saikia & Moradhvaj Moradhvaj, 2020. "Socioeconomic patterns and determinants of adult mortality due to external-causes in India: Analysis of nationally-representative, population-based survey data," VID Working Papers 2004, Vienna Institute of Demography (VID) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna.
    14. Hossain, Babul & James, K.S., 2024. "Economics of widowhood mortality in adult women in India," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 340(C).
    15. Nandita Saikia & Abhishek Singh & Domantas Jasilionis & Faujdar Ram, 2013. "Explaining the rural-urban gap in infant mortality in India," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 29(18), pages 473-506.
    16. Meinzer, Nicholas J., 2017. "Social mobility in the early middle ages," Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 111-120.
    17. Palloni, Alberto & Milesi, Carolina & White, Robert G. & Turner, Alyn, 2009. "Early childhood health, reproduction of economic inequalities and the persistence of health and mortality differentials," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 68(9), pages 1574-1582, May.
    18. Leslie Roos & Brett Hiebert & Phongsack Manivong & Jason Edgerton & Randy Walld & Leonard MacWilliam & Janelle Rocquigny, 2013. "What is Most Important: Social Factors, Health Selection, and Adolescent Educational Achievement," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 110(1), pages 385-414, January.
    19. Rasmus Hoffmann & Hannes Kröger & Eduwin Pakpahan, 2018. "The reciprocal relationship between material factors and health in the life course: evidence from SHARE and ELSA," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 15(4), pages 379-391, December.
    20. Hammarström, Anne & Janlert, Urban, 2005. "Health selection in a 14-year follow-up study--A question of gendered discrimination?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 61(10), pages 2221-2232, November.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0044098. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: plosone (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.