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Blood Pressure Gradients and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Urban and Rural Populations in Abia State South Eastern Nigeria Using the WHO STEPwise Approach

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  • Ikechi Gareth Okpechi
  • Innocent Ijezie Chukwuonye
  • Nicki Tiffin
  • Okechukwu Ojoemelam Madukwe
  • Ugochukwu Uchenna Onyeonoro
  • Theophilus Ifeanyichukwu Umeizudike
  • Okechukwu Samuel Ogah

Abstract

Background: Developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) face a double burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and communicable diseases. As high blood pressure (BP) is a common global cardiovascular (CV) disorder associated with high morbidity and mortality, the relationship between gradients of BP and other CV risk factors was assessed in Abia State, Nigeria. Methods: Using the WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance of chronic disease risk factors, we conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey in Abia state, Nigeria from August 2011 to March 2012. Data collected at various steps included: demographic and behavioral risk factors (Step 1); BP and anthropometric measurements (Step 2), and fasting blood cholesterol and glucose (Step 3). Results: Of the 2983 subjects with complete data for analysis, 52.1% were females and 53.2% were rural dwellers. Overall, the distribution of selected CV disease risk factors was diabetes (3.6%), hypertension (31.4%), cigarette smoking (13.3%), use of smokeless tobacco (4.8%), physical inactivity (64.2%) and being overweight or obese (33.7%). Presence of hypertension, excessive intake of alcohol, smoking (cigarette and smokeless tobacco) and physical inactivity occurred more frequently in males than in females (p

Suggested Citation

  • Ikechi Gareth Okpechi & Innocent Ijezie Chukwuonye & Nicki Tiffin & Okechukwu Ojoemelam Madukwe & Ugochukwu Uchenna Onyeonoro & Theophilus Ifeanyichukwu Umeizudike & Okechukwu Samuel Ogah, 2013. "Blood Pressure Gradients and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Urban and Rural Populations in Abia State South Eastern Nigeria Using the WHO STEPwise Approach," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(9), pages 1-8, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0073403
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073403
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    1. Rajeev Gupta & Prakash C Deedwania & Krishnakumar Sharma & Arvind Gupta & Soneil Guptha & Vijay Achari & Arthur J Asirvatham & Anil Bhansali & Balkishan Gupta & Sunil Gupta & Mallikarjuna V Jali & Tul, 2012. "Association of Educational, Occupational and Socioeconomic Status with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Asian Indians: A Cross-Sectional Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(8), pages 1-10, August.
    2. Cooper, R. & Rotimi, C. & Ataman, S. & McGee, D. & Osotimehin, B. & Kadiri, S. & Muna, W. & Kingue, S. & Fraser, H. & Forrester, T. & Bennett, F. & Wilks, R., 1997. "The prevalence of hypertension in seven populations of West African origin," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 87(2), pages 160-168.
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    1. William Kofi Bosu & Siobhan Theresa Reilly & Justice Moses Kwaku Aheto & Eugenio Zucchelli, 2019. "Hypertension in older adults in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(4), pages 1-25, April.
    2. Cockx, Lara & Colen, Liesbeth & De Weerdt, Joachim, 2018. "From corn to popcorn? Urbanization and dietary change: Evidence from rural-urban migrants in Tanzania," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 140-159.

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