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The Role of Thailand in the International Trade in CITES-Listed Live Reptiles and Amphibians

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  • Vincent Nijman
  • Chris R Shepherd

Abstract

Background: International wildlife trade is one of the leading threats to biodiversity conservation. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is the most important initiative to monitor and regulate the international trade of wildlife but its credibility is dependent on the quality of the trade data. We report on the performance of CITES reporting by focussing on the commercial trade in non-native reptiles and amphibians into Thailand as to illustrate trends, species composition and numbers of wild-caught vs. captive-bred specimens. Methodology/Principal Findings: Based on data in the WCMC-CITES trade database, we establish that a total of 75,594 individuals of 169 species of reptiles and amphibians (including 27 globally threatened species) were imported into Thailand in 1990–2007. The majority of individuals (59,895, 79%) were listed as captive-bred and a smaller number (15,699, 21%) as wild-caught. In the 1990s small numbers of individuals of a few species were imported into Thailand, but in 2003 both volumes and species diversity increased rapidly. The proportion of captive-bred animals differed greatly between years (from 0 to >80%). Wild-caught individuals were mainly sourced from African countries, and captive-bred individuals from Asian countries (including from non-CITES Parties). There were significant discrepancies between exports and imports. Thailand reports the import of >10,000 individuals (51 species) originating from Kazakhstan, but Kazakhstan reports no exports of these species. Similar discrepancies, involving smaller numbers (>100 individuals of 9 species), can be seen in the import of reptiles into Thailand via Macao. Conclusion/Significance: While there has been an increase in imports of amphibian and reptiles into Thailand, erratic patterns in proportions of captive-bred specimens and volumes suggests either capricious markets or errors in reporting. Large discrepancies with respect to origin point to misreporting or possible violations of the rules and intentions of CITES.

Suggested Citation

  • Vincent Nijman & Chris R Shepherd, 2011. "The Role of Thailand in the International Trade in CITES-Listed Live Reptiles and Amphibians," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(3), pages 1-7, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0017825
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017825
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Thomas Gehring & Eva Ruffing, 2008. "When Arguments Prevail Over Power: The CITES Procedure for the Listing of Endangered Species," Global Environmental Politics, MIT Press, vol. 8(2), pages 123-148, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Lyons, Jessica A. & Natusch, Daniel J.D., 2013. "Effects of consumer preferences for rarity on the harvest of wild populations within a species," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 278-283.

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