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The role of social determinants of health in the risk and prevention of group A streptococcal infection, acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: A systematic review

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  • Pasqualina M Coffey
  • Anna P Ralph
  • Vicki L Krause

Abstract

Background: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) poses a major disease burden among disadvantaged populations globally. It results from acute rheumatic fever (ARF), a complication of Group A Streptococcal (GAS) infection. These conditions are acknowledged as diseases of poverty, however the role of specific social and environmental factors in GAS infection and progression to ARF/RHD is not well understood. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the association between social determinants of health and GAS infection, ARF and RHD, and the effect of interventions targeting these. Methodology: We conducted a systematic literature review using PubMed, the Cochrane Library and Embase. Observational and experimental studies that measured: crowding, dwelling characteristics, education, employment, income, nutrition, or socioeconomic status and the relationship with GAS infection, ARF or RHD were included. Findings for each factor were assessed against the Bradford Hill criteria for evidence of causation. Study quality was assessed using a standardised tool. Principle findings: 1,164 publications were identified. 90 met inclusion criteria, comprising 91 individual studies. 49 (50.5%) were poor quality in relation to the specific study question. The proportion of studies reporting significant associations between socioeconomic determinants and risk of GAS infection was 57.1%, and with ARF/RHD was 50%. Crowding was the most assessed factor (14 studies with GAS infection, 36 studies with ARF/RHD) followed by socioeconomic status (6 and 36 respectively). The majority of studies assessing crowding, dwelling characteristics, education and employment status of parents or cases, and nutrition, reported a positive association with risk of GAS infection, ARF or RHD. Crowding and socioeconomic status satisfactorily met the criteria of a causal association. There was substantial heterogeneity across all key study aspects. Conclusion: The extensive literature examining the role of social determinants in GAS infection, ARF and RHD risk lacks quality. Most were observational, not interventional. Crowding as a cause of GAS infection and ARF/RHD presents a practical target for prevention actions. Author summary: Rates of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are high in disadvantaged populations globally. It results from acute rheumatic fever (ARF), a complication of Group A Streptococcal (GAS) infection. These are described as diseases of poverty, but exactly what components of poverty promote them has been unclear. The aim of this review was to find what specific social and environmental factors are associated with GAS infection, ARF and RHD, and if actions targeting these can reduce disease rates. We did a search of published literature and found 90 relevant articles. Many supported an association between GAS infection, ARF or RHD and crowding, dwelling characteristics, low education level and employment status, poor nutrition and low social class. There was enough evidence to show that crowding and socioeconomic disadvantage increase the risk of GAS infection and ARF/RHD. However, most studies were of fair to poor quality in their ability to answer the research question, and there was little interventional research. This may relate to challenges inherent in intervening to change social determinants of health, but may also suggest lesser research attention to health issues affecting disadvantaged populations. The association between crowding and disease risk strongly supports initiatives to reduce crowding. This should become a key target for ARF and RHD prevention.

Suggested Citation

  • Pasqualina M Coffey & Anna P Ralph & Vicki L Krause, 2018. "The role of social determinants of health in the risk and prevention of group A streptococcal infection, acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: A systematic review," PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(6), pages 1-22, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:plo:pntd00:0006577
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006577
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    Cited by:

    1. Katherine Kang & Ken W T Chau & Erin Howell & Mellise Anderson & Simon Smith & Tania J Davis & Greg Starmer & Josh Hanson, 2021. "The temporospatial epidemiology of rheumatic heart disease in Far North Queensland, tropical Australia 1997–2017; impact of socioeconomic status on disease burden, severity and access to care," PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(1), pages 1-20, January.
    2. Anna P. Ralph & Angela Kelly & Anne-Marie Lee & Valerina L. Mungatopi & Segora R. Babui & Nanda Kaji Budhathoki & Vicki Wade & Jessica L. de Dassel & Rosemary Wyber, 2022. "Evaluation of a Community-Led Program for Primordial and Primary Prevention of Rheumatic Fever in Remote Northern Australia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-17, August.
    3. Amal Chakraborty & Natasha J. Howard & Mark Daniel & Alwin Chong & Nicola Slavin & Alex Brown & Margaret Cargo, 2021. "Prioritizing Built Environmental Factors to Tackle Chronic and Infectious Diseases in Remote Northern Territory (NT) Communities of Australia: A Concept Mapping Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-17, May.
    4. Nina Lansbury & Paul C. Memmott & Rosemary Wyber & Clarissa Burgen & Samuel K. Barnes & Jessica Daw & Jeffrey Cannon & Asha C. Bowen & Rachel Burgess & Patricia N. Frank & Andrew M. Redmond, 2024. "Housing Initiatives to Address Strep A Infections and Reduce RHD Risks in Remote Indigenous Communities in Australia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(9), pages 1-14, September.
    5. Haynes, Emma & Walker, Roz & Mitchell, Alice G. & Katzenellenbogen, Judy & D'Antoine, Heather & Bessarab, Dawn, 2021. "Decolonizing Indigenous health: Generating a productive dialogue to eliminate Rheumatic Heart Disease in Australia," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    6. Haynes, Emma & Marawili, Minitja & Marika, Brendan Makungun & Mitchell, Alice G. & Phillips, Jodi & Bessarab, Dawn & Walker, Roz & Cook, Jeff & Ralph, Anna P., 2019. "Community-based participatory action research on rheumatic heart disease in an Australian Aboriginal homeland: Evaluation of the ‘On track watch’ project," Evaluation and Program Planning, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 38-53.
    7. Jiameng Cui & Xinru Guo & Xin Yuan & Hao Wu & Ge Yu & Biao Li & Changgui Kou, 2022. "Analysis of Rheumatic Heart Disease Mortality in the Chinese Population: A JoinPoint and Age–Period–Cohort Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-11, August.
    8. Yigit Aydede & Jan Ditzen, 2022. "Identifying the regional drivers of influenza-like illness in Nova Scotia with dominance analysis," Papers 2212.06684, arXiv.org.
    9. Emma Haynes & Minitja Marawili & Alice Mitchell & Roz Walker & Judith Katzenellenbogen & Dawn Bessarab, 2022. "“Weaving a Mat That We Can All Sit On”: Qualitative Research Approaches for Productive Dialogue in the Intercultural Space," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-18, March.
    10. Holly L. Richmond & Joana Tome & Haresh Rochani & Isaac Chun-Hai Fung & Gulzar H. Shah & Jessica S. Schwind, 2020. "The Use of Penalized Regression Analysis to Identify County-Level Demographic and Socioeconomic Variables Predictive of Increased COVID-19 Cumulative Case Rates in the State of Georgia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-12, October.
    11. Emma Haynes & Alice Mitchell & Stephanie Enkel & Rosemary Wyber & Dawn Bessarab, 2020. "Voices behind the Statistics: A Systematic Literature Review of the Lived Experience of Rheumatic Heart Disease," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-25, February.

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