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Emigration and Wages in an Open Economy: Some Evidence from Pakistan

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  • Zafar Mahmood

    (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.)

Abstract

This paper examines the impact of labour emigration on the wages of both the skilled and unskilled workers. The paper is based on a 3 X 3 trade-theoretic model, where a subset of the goods produced are traded at internationally fixed prices. The results of the model hinge crucially on the intensities of the factors used 'within' the traded goods sectors of the economy. Using the Pakistani data, it is found that unskilled labour is used extremely intensively in the agriculture sector (exportable), skilled labour is used extremely intensively in the manufacturing sector (importable), and capital is used as the middle factor in both the traded goods sectors. Moreover, capital is used significantly less intensively in the construction (non-traded) sector relative to both the traded sectors. Based on the estimated relative factor intensities, the model predicts that emigration of either skilled or unskilled workers from Pakistan, in the long run, would benefit (in nominal as well as real terms) both the skilled and unskilled workers and hurt the owners of capital. The results suggest that the higher wages to both the skilled and unskilled workers must be compensated by a reduction in the rate of returns to capital if export-oriented and import-competing sectors in Pakistan are to remain internationally competitive.

Suggested Citation

  • Zafar Mahmood, 1991. "Emigration and Wages in an Open Economy: Some Evidence from Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 30(3), pages 243-262.
    • Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:3:p:243-262
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    File URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume3/243-262.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ruffin, Roy J., 1981. "Trade and factor movements with three factors and two goods," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 7(2), pages 177-182.
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    3. Francisco L. Rivera-Batiz, 2018. "International Migration, Non-Traded Goods and Economic Welfare in the Source Country," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Francisco L Rivera-Batiz (ed.), International and Interregional Migration Theory and Evidence, chapter 5, pages 77-88, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
    4. Bhagwati, Jagdish & Hamada, Koichi, 1974. "The brain drain, international integration of markets for professionals and unemployment : A theoretical analysis," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 19-42, April.
    5. repec:bla:scandj:v:87:y:1985:i:4:p:647-57 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Djajic, Slobodan, 1986. "International migration, remittances and welfare in a dependent economy," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 21(2), pages 229-234, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Marjit, Sugata & Kar, Saibal, 2009. "Emigration, Wage Inequality and Vanishing Sectors," MPRA Paper 19354, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Muhammad Irfan, 2010. "A Review of the Labour Market Research at PIDE 1957-2009," PIDE Books, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, number 2010:1 edited by Rashid Amjad & Aurangzeb A. Hashmi.
    3. Mishra, Prachi, 2007. "Emigration and wages in source countries: Evidence from Mexico," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 82(1), pages 180-199, January.
    4. Prachi Mishra, 2014. "Emigration and wages in source countries: a survey of the empirical literature," Chapters, in: Robert E.B. Lucas (ed.), International Handbook on Migration and Economic Development, chapter 9, pages 241-266, Edward Elgar Publishing.

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