IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/pal/assmgt/v11y2010i4d10.1057_jam.2009.28.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Black–Litterman model explained

Author

Listed:
  • Wing Cheung

    (Nomura International plc)

Abstract

Active portfolio management is about leveraging information. The Black and Litterman Global Portfolio Optimisation Model (BL) sets information processing in a Bayesian analytic framework. In this framework, the portfolio manager needs only produce views and the model translates the views into security return forecasts. As a portfolio construction tool, the BL model is appealing both in theory and in practice. Although there has been no shortage of literature exploring it, the model still appears somehow mysterious, and suffers from practical issues. This article is dedicated to enabling a better understanding of this model, and features: an economic interpretation; a clarification of the model's assumptions and formulation; implementation guidance; a dimension-reduction technique to enable large portfolio applications; and a full proof of the main result in the Appendix. We also provide a checklist of other practical issues that we aim to address in our forthcoming articles.

Suggested Citation

  • Wing Cheung, 2010. "The Black–Litterman model explained," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(4), pages 229-243, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:pal:assmgt:v:11:y:2010:i:4:d:10.1057_jam.2009.28
    DOI: 10.1057/jam.2009.28
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1057/jam.2009.28
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1057/jam.2009.28?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Fama, Eugene F, 1970. "Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 25(2), pages 383-417, May.
    2. S Satchell & A Scowcroft, 2000. "A demystification of the Black–Litterman model: Managing quantitative and traditional portfolio construction," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 1(2), pages 138-150, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Frieder Meyer-Bullerdiek, 2021. "Out-of-sample performance of the Black-Litterman model," Journal of Finance and Investment Analysis, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 10(2), pages 1-2.
    2. Randy O'Toole, 2013. "The Black–Litterman model: A risk budgeting perspective," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 14(1), pages 2-13, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Flori, Andrea, 2019. "News and subjective beliefs: A Bayesian approach to Bitcoin investments," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 336-356.
    2. Erindi Allaj, 2013. "The Black–Litterman model: a consistent estimation of the parameter tau," Financial Markets and Portfolio Management, Springer;Swiss Society for Financial Market Research, vol. 27(2), pages 217-251, June.
    3. Kocuk, Burak & Cornuéjols, Gérard, 2020. "Incorporating Black-Litterman views in portfolio construction when stock returns are a mixture of normals," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    4. Detlef Seese & Christof Weinhardt & Frank Schlottmann (ed.), 2008. "Handbook on Information Technology in Finance," International Handbooks on Information Systems, Springer, number 978-3-540-49487-4, November.
    5. Alejandro Rodriguez Dominguez, 2022. "Portfolio Optimization based on Neural Networks Sensitivities from Assets Dynamics respect Common Drivers," Papers 2202.08921, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2022.
    6. David M. Ritzwoller & Joseph P. Romano, 2019. "Uncertainty in the Hot Hand Fallacy: Detecting Streaky Alternatives to Random Bernoulli Sequences," Papers 1908.01406, arXiv.org, revised Apr 2021.
    7. Shazia Ghani, 2011. "A re-visit to Minsky after 2007 financial meltdown," Post-Print halshs-01027435, HAL.
    8. Christiane Goodfellow & Dirk Schiereck & Steffen Wippler, 2013. "Are behavioural finance equity funds a superior investment? A note on fund performance and market efficiency," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 14(2), pages 111-119, April.
    9. Cagli, Efe Caglar & Taskin, Dilvin & Evrim Mandaci, Pınar, 2019. "The short- and long-run efficiency of energy, precious metals, and base metals markets: Evidence from the exponential smooth transition autoregressive models," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    10. Andrew Weinbach & Rodney J. Paul, 2009. "National television coverage and the behavioural bias of bettors: the American college football totals market," International Gambling Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 9(1), pages 55-66, April.
    11. Oxelheim, Lars & Rafferty, Michael, 2005. "On the static efficiency of secondary bond markets," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 15(2), pages 117-135, April.
    12. Shi, Huai-Long & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2022. "Factor volatility spillover and its implications on factor premia," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    13. Nuruddeen Usman & Kodili Nwanneka & Nduka, 2023. "Announcement Effect of COVID-19 on Cryptocurrencies," Asian Economics Letters, Asia-Pacific Applied Economics Association, vol. 3(3), pages 1-4.
    14. Robert C. Merton, 2006. "Paul Samuelson and Financial Economics," The American Economist, Sage Publications, vol. 50(2), pages 9-31, October.
    15. Alagidede, Paul & Panagiotidis, Theodore, 2009. "Modelling stock returns in Africa's emerging equity markets," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 18(1-2), pages 1-11, March.
    16. Camille Baulant & Nivine Albouz, 2021. "Has financial globalization since 1990 reduced income inequality: the role of rating announcements on the volatility and the returns of the Brazilian Financial Market [Les annonces de notation souv," Working Papers hal-03258994, HAL.
    17. Carlo Rosa & Giovanni Verga, 2006. "The Impact of Central Bank Announcements on Asset Prices in Real Time: Testing the Efficiency of the Euribor Futures Market," CEP Discussion Papers dp0764, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
    18. Choi, Gahyun & Park, Kwangyeol & Yi, Eojin & Ahn, Kwangwon, 2023. "Price fairness: Clean energy stocks and the overall market," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    19. Sellin, Peter, 1998. "Monetary Policy and the Stock Market: Theory and Empirical Evidence," Working Paper Series 72, Sveriges Riksbank (Central Bank of Sweden).
    20. Thomas Delcey, 2019. "Samuelson vs Fama on the Efficient Market Hypothesis: The Point of View of Expertise [Samuelson vs Fama sur l’efficience informationnelle des marchés financiers : le point de vue de l’expertise]," Post-Print hal-01618347, HAL.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pal:assmgt:v:11:y:2010:i:4:d:10.1057_jam.2009.28. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.palgrave-journals.com/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.