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Venture Capitalists Versus Angels: The Dynamics of Private Firm Financing Contracts

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  • Thomas J. Chemmanur
  • Zhaohui Chen

Abstract

An entrepreneur, with private information about his firm, contracts over two periods with an outside financier, a venture capitalist (VC) or angel. The financier can reduce his information disadvantage by learning about the firm over time. VC financing is scarce relative to angel financing. Further, unlike an angel, a VC may exert effort, which, together with the entrepreneur’s effort, increases the firm’s success probability. The equilibrium VC financing contract ensures optimal effort-exertion by both entrepreneur and VC. We characterize the firm’s equilibrium choice between VC and angel financing, its equilibrium contractual provisions, and the dynamic evolution of its financing contract.

Suggested Citation

  • Thomas J. Chemmanur & Zhaohui Chen, 2014. "Venture Capitalists Versus Angels: The Dynamics of Private Firm Financing Contracts," The Review of Corporate Finance Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 3(1-2), pages 39-86.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:rcorpf:v:3:y:2014:i:1-2:p:39-86.
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Kim, Jin-Hyuk & Wagman, Liad, 2016. "Early-stage entrepreneurial financing: A signaling perspective," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 12-22.
    2. Honjo, Yuji & Ikeuchi, Kenta & Nakamura, Hiroki, 2024. "Does risk aversion affect individuals’ interests and actions in angel investing? Empirical evidence from Japan," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    3. Carpentier, Cécile & Suret, Jean-Marc, 2015. "Angel group members' decision process and rejection criteria: A longitudinal analysis," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 30(6), pages 808-821.
    4. Michael M. Moedl, 2021. "Two’s a company, three’s a crowd: Deal breaker terms in equity crowdfunding for prospective venture capital," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 57(2), pages 927-952, August.
    5. Hellmann, Thomas & Thiele, Veikko, 2015. "Friends or foes? The interrelationship between angel and venture capital markets," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(3), pages 639-653.
    6. Jean-Etienne de Bettignies & Anne Duchêne, 2015. "Product Market Competition and the Financing of New Ventures," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 61(8), pages 1849-1867, August.
    7. Cong, Lin William & Lee, Charles M.C. & Qu, Yuanyu & Tao, Shen, 2020. "Financing Entrepreneurship and Innovation in China," Foundations and Trends(R) in Entrepreneurship, now publishers, vol. 16(1), pages 1-64, January.
    8. Kang Hyunsung D, 2018. "A Start-Up’s R&D Stages and the Evolution of Financing Sources: Evidence from the Biotechnology Industry," Entrepreneurship Research Journal, De Gruyter, vol. 8(3), pages 1-19, July.
    9. Volodymyr Babich & Simone Marinesi & Gerry Tsoukalas, 2021. "Does Crowdfunding Benefit Entrepreneurs and Venture Capital Investors?," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 23(2), pages 508-524, March.
    10. Bonini, Stefano & Capizzi, Vincenzo & Zocchi, Paola, 2019. "The performance of angel-backed companies," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 328-345.
    11. S. Sinan Erzurumlu & Nitin Joglekar & Moren Lévesque & Fehmi Tanrisever, 2019. "How Angel Know-How Shapes Ownership Sharing in Stage-Based Contracts," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 43(4), pages 773-801, July.
    12. HONJO Yuji & IKEUCHI Kenta & NAKAMURA Hiroki, 2022. "Does risk aversion affect individuals’ actions and interests in angel investing? Empirical evidence from Japan," Discussion papers 22040, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
    13. Lowe, David C. & Justham, Laura & Everitt, Mark J., 2024. "Multi-index analysis with readiness levels for decision support in product design," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 206(C).
    14. Max Berre & Benjamin Le Pendeven, 2023. "What do we know about startup-valuation drivers? A systematic literature review 1," Post-Print hal-04232855, HAL.
    15. Heping Ge & Bowen Li & Decai Tang & Hao Xu & Valentina Boamah, 2022. "Research on Digital Inclusive Finance Promoting the Integration of Rural Three-Industry," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-18, March.
    16. Chemmanur, Thomas J. & Gupta, Manish & Simonyan, Karen & Tehranian, Hassan, 2021. "The relationship between venture capital backing and the top management team quality of firms going public and implications for initial public offerings," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 36(6).
    17. Lefebvre, Vincent & Certhoux, Gilles & Radu-Lefebvre, Miruna, 2022. "Sustaining trust to cross the Valley of Death: A retrospective study of business angels’ investment and reinvestment decisions," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    18. Thomas Ulmer & Ulrich Pape, 2022. "Streamliners, Switchmen and Bridge Builders: About the Mechanisms and Uniqueness of Accelerator Programs," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-25, November.
    19. Hellmann, Thomas & Schure, Paul & Vo, Dan H., 2021. "Angels and venture capitalists: Substitutes or complements?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 141(2), pages 454-478.
    20. Kaminski, Jermain & Hopp, Christian & Tykvová, Tereza, 2019. "New technology assessment in entrepreneurial financing – Does crowdfunding predict venture capital investments?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 287-302.
    21. Harrison, Richard T. & Bock, Adam J. & Gregson, Geoff, 2020. "Stairway to heaven? rethinking angel investment policy and practice," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 14(C).
    22. Engineer, Merwan H. & Schure, Paul & Vo, Dan H., 2019. "Hide and seek search: Why angels hide and entrepreneurs seek," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 523-540.

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    JEL classification:

    • G24 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage

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