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Personality traits are related to ecology across a biological invasion

Author

Listed:
  • Carlos F. Carvalho
  • Ana V. Leitão
  • Caterina Funghi
  • Helena R. Batalha
  • Sandra Reis
  • Paulo Gama Mota
  • Ricardo J. Lopes
  • Gonçalo C. Cardoso

Abstract

Behavioral differences among individuals are common and are organized into personalities in a wide variety of species. Hypotheses for the coexistence of behavioral differences fall into 3 categories: variation in selection, frequency-dependent selection, and behavioral plasticity. We tested predictions of those hypotheses regarding geographic covariation of behavior with ecology, using a recent (≈40 years) biological invasion of common waxbills (Estrilda astrild). Behavior in tests for exploration and social interaction covaried among individuals, suggesting a behavioral syndrome, although we could only demonstrate within-individual repeatability in the test for social interaction. These 2 behaviors changed geographically with the ecology of sites (degree of climate variation) in an apparently adaptive way, rather than with the direction of invasion. We found behavioral plasticity but showed that short-term plastic effects do not explain geographic divergence. Differential dispersal does not explain geographic divergence either, which is orthogonal to the direction of invasion. Results are best interpreted either as evolved divergences, although a candidate-gene approach could not identify genetic correlates of behavior, or as long-term behavioral plasticity (e.g., effects of rearing environment). In this recent invasion, geographic differences in ecology and behavior equate to repeated and fast changes over time. Thus, fluctuations in ecological conditions, which are common in nature, may have a widespread role maintaining behavioral and personality differences via selection and/or long-term behavioral plasticity.

Suggested Citation

  • Carlos F. Carvalho & Ana V. Leitão & Caterina Funghi & Helena R. Batalha & Sandra Reis & Paulo Gama Mota & Ricardo J. Lopes & Gonçalo C. Cardoso, 2013. "Personality traits are related to ecology across a biological invasion," Behavioral Ecology, International Society for Behavioral Ecology, vol. 24(5), pages 1081-1091.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:beheco:v:24:y:2013:i:5:p:1081-1091.
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mihai Valcu & Bart Kempenaers, 2010. "Spatial autocorrelation: an overlooked concept in behavioral ecology," Behavioral Ecology, International Society for Behavioral Ecology, vol. 21(5), pages 902-905.
    2. Jonathan W. Atwell & Gonçalo C. Cardoso & Danielle J. Whittaker & Samuel Campbell-Nelson & Kyle W. Robertson & Ellen D. Ketterson, 2012. "Boldness behavior and stress physiology in a novel urban environment suggest rapid correlated evolutionary adaptation," Behavioral Ecology, International Society for Behavioral Ecology, vol. 23(5), pages 960-969.
    3. Lynn B. Martin & Lisa Fitzgerald, 2005. "A taste for novelty in invading house sparrows, Passer domesticus," Behavioral Ecology, International Society for Behavioral Ecology, vol. 16(4), pages 702-707, July.
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