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Cross-subsidization Due to Inframarginal Support in Agriculture: A General Theory and Empirical Evidence

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  • Harry de Gorter
  • David R. Just
  • Jaclyn D. Kropp

Abstract

A general theory of cross-subsidization due to inframarginal support is developed. Two sources of output distortion are identified: exit deterrence and extramarginal output. Some firms would not be in business without the subsidy. Cost savings due to declining average costs are always greater than the losses incurred where price equals marginal cost. Moreover, it is theoretically possible for inframarginal subsidies to expand output more than equivalent fully coupled subsidies. Empirical analysis of U.S. dairy subsidies isolates these components of cross-subsidization and finds distortions from inframarginal support to be substantial, with implications for trade negotiations, dispute settlement, and policy formulation. Copyright 2008, Oxford University Press.

Suggested Citation

  • Harry de Gorter & David R. Just & Jaclyn D. Kropp, 2008. "Cross-subsidization Due to Inframarginal Support in Agriculture: A General Theory and Empirical Evidence," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 90(1), pages 42-54.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:ajagec:v:90:y:2008:i:1:p:42-54
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1467-8276.2007.01044.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Elena Cefis & Cristina Bettinelli & Alex Coad & Orietta Marsili, 2022. "Understanding firm exit: a systematic literature review," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 59(2), pages 423-446, August.
    2. Just, David R., 2011. "Calibrating the wealth effects of decoupled payments: Does decreasing absolute risk aversion matter?," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 162(1), pages 25-34, May.
    3. Rickard, Bradley J. & Sumner, Daniel A., 2011. "Was there policy "reform"? Evolution of EU domestic support for processed fruits and vegetables," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 438-449, June.
    4. Orden, David, 2013. "The Changing Structure of Domestic Support and Its Implications for Trade," Commissioned Papers 146657, Canadian Agricultural Trade Policy Research Network.
    5. Just, David R. & Kropp, Jaclyn D., 2009. "Production Incentives from Static Decoupling: Entry, Exit and Use Exclusion Restrictions," 2009 Annual Meeting, July 26-28, 2009, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 49158, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    6. Amy M. Nagler & Dale J. Menkhaus & Christopher T. Bastian & Nicole S. Ballenger & Erik O’Donoghue & C. Edwin Young, 2009. "Are Production Decisions Decoupled under a Bond Scheme? Experimental Evidence," Review of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 31(2), pages 222-230.
    7. Yang Zou & Qingbin Wang, 2012. "Impacts of direct government payments on US agriculture: evidence from 1960‐2010 data," China Agricultural Economic Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 4(2), pages 188-199, May.
    8. Kropp, Jaclyn D. & Whitaker, James B., 2009. "The Impact of Decoupled Payments on the Cost of Operating Capital," 2009 Annual Meeting, July 26-28, 2009, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 49311, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    9. Kehinde Oluseyi Olagunju & Myles Patton & Siyi Feng, 2020. "Estimating the Impact of Decoupled Payments on Farm Production in Northern Ireland: An Instrumental Variable Fixed Effect Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-17, April.
    10. Colin A. Carter & Pierre Mérel, 2016. "Hidden costs of supply management in a small market," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 49(2), pages 555-588, May.
    11. Yiğit Sağlam, 2019. "Welfare Implications of Water Scarcity: Higher Prices of Desalination," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 73(4), pages 995-1022, August.
    12. Huang, Jikun & Rozelle, Scott & Martin, William J. & Liu, Yu, 2007. "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in China," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper Series 48478, World Bank.
    13. Moro, Daniele & Sckokai, Paolo, 2011. "The impact of pillar I support on farm choices: conceptual and methodological challenges," 122nd Seminar, February 17-18, 2011, Ancona, Italy 99836, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
    14. Moro, Daniele & Sckokai, Paolo, 2013. "The impact of decoupled payments on farm choices: Conceptual and methodological challenges," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 28-38.
    15. Peckham, Janet G. & Kropp, Jaclyn D., 2010. "Decoupled Direct Payments Under Base Acreage and Yield Updating Uncertainty: An Investigation of Agricultural Chemical Use," 2010 Annual Meeting, July 25-27, 2010, Denver, Colorado 61214, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.

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