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Low inflation in the euro area : Causes and consequences

Author

Listed:
  • M. Deroose

    (National Bank of Belgium)

  • A. Stevens

    (National Bank of Belgium)

Abstract

Euro area inflation remained unexpectedly weak between 2012 and 2016. This was surprising as the region’s ongoing economic recovery was expected to stimulate inflation. Persistently low inflation begs a great many questions: What are the underlying factors? Are the economic models used to predict inflation fit for purpose? Do falling inflation expectations point to a real “de-anchoring” from the inflation target? How can monetary policy combat weak inflation and its related risks? Should monetary policy be supported by other policy domains? The Eurosystem has introduced a whole range of unconventional measures, including an asset purchase programme, with the aim of getting inflation back to its target of below, but close to 2%. To gain a full and comprehensive understanding of the complex issues underlying low inflation, it also set up the Low Inflation Task Force (LIFT) with a brief to investigate the above questions. The article discusses its main findings (see Ciccarelli and Osbat, 2017), which in short suggest that: Inflation in the euro area has been held back chiefly by cyclical forces. More specifically, domestic shocks caused inflation to fall in the 2012-14 period, following which foreign shocks gained importance, e.g. the prolonged decline in oil prices. Traditional models – and more specifically the Phillips curve, which captures the relationship between domestic economic activity and inflation – continue to be relevant for understanding and predicting inflation dynamics. There was a real threat of inflation expectations becoming de-anchored, and the asset purchase programme proved justified. De-anchoring may result from declining confidence in both the effectiveness of monetary policy and the inflation target. The asset purchase programme has proved successful as it has supported inflation, fostering its return to target in good time, and it has also contributed to re-anchoring inflation expectations. Monetary policy can benefit from positive interactions with measures in other policy domains – e.g. structural reforms and budgetary policies – and particularly so in an environment where policy rates are close to their lower bound.

Suggested Citation

  • M. Deroose & A. Stevens, 2017. "Low inflation in the euro area : Causes and consequences," Economic Review, National Bank of Belgium, issue i, pages 111-125, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:nbb:ecrart:y:2017:m:june:i:i:p:111-125
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    3. N. Cordemans & J. Wauters, 2018. "Are inflation and economic activity out of sync in the euro area?," Economic Review, National Bank of Belgium, issue i, pages 79-96, June.
    4. Petr Polak & Filip Novotny, 2020. "Consumer and industrial prices in 2020 - the year of the coronavirus," Occasional Publications - Chapters in Edited Volumes, in: CNB Global Economic Outlook - December 2020, pages 12-18, Czech National Bank.
    5. Domenico Depalo & Salvatore Lo Bello, 2024. "Accounting for the recent inflation burst in the euro area," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 871, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    6. Salvatore Lo Bello & Eliana Viviano, 2024. "Some considerations on the Phillips curve after the pandemic," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 842, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    7. Frohm, Erik, 2020. "Price-setting and economic slack: Evidence from firm-level survey data," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    8. Hindrayanto, Irma & Samarina, Anna & Stanga, Irina M., 2019. "Is the Phillips curve still alive? Evidence from the euro area," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 149-152.
    9. Harashima, Taiji, 2018. "Why Are Inflation and Real Interest Rates So Low? A Mechanism of Low and Floating Real Interest and Inflation Rates," MPRA Paper 84311, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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