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Proteasomes accumulate in the plant apoplast where they participate in microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered pathogen defense

Author

Listed:
  • Hana Zand Karimi

    (Washington University in St. Louis
    Pfizer Pharmaceuticals)

  • Kuo-En Chen

    (Washington University in St. Louis)

  • Marilee Karinshak

    (Washington University in St. Louis)

  • Xilin Gu

    (University of California)

  • Jason K. Sello

    (University of California)

  • Richard D. Vierstra

    (Washington University in St. Louis)

Abstract

Akin to mammalian extracellular fluids, the plant apoplastic fluid (APF) contains a unique collection of proteins, RNAs, and vesicles that drive many physiological processes ranging from cell wall assembly to defense against environmental challenges. Using an improved method to enrich for the Arabidopsis APF, we better define its composition and discover that the APF harbors active proteasomes though microscopic detection, proteasome-specific activity and immunological assays, and mass spectrometry showing selective enrichment of the core protease. Functional analysis of extracellular (ex)-proteasomes reveals that they help promote basal pathogen defense through proteolytic release of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) such as flg22 from bacterial flagellin that induce protective reactive-oxygen-species (ROS) bursts. Flagellin-triggered ROS is also strongly suppressed by the enigmatic Pseudomonas syringae virulence effector syringolin-A that blocks ex-proteasome activity. Collectively, we provide a deep catalog of apoplast proteins and evidence that ex-proteasomes participate in the evolving arms race between pathogens and their plant hosts.

Suggested Citation

  • Hana Zand Karimi & Kuo-En Chen & Marilee Karinshak & Xilin Gu & Jason K. Sello & Richard D. Vierstra, 2025. "Proteasomes accumulate in the plant apoplast where they participate in microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered pathogen defense," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 16(1), pages 1-18, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:16:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-025-56594-3
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56594-3
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Koji Yonekura & Saori Maki-Yonekura & Keiichi Namba, 2003. "Complete atomic model of the bacterial flagellar filament by electron cryomicroscopy," Nature, Nature, vol. 424(6949), pages 643-650, August.
    2. Michael Groll & Barbara Schellenberg & André S. Bachmann & Crystal R. Archer & Robert Huber & Tracy K. Powell & Steven Lindow & Markus Kaiser & Robert Dudler, 2008. "A plant pathogen virulence factor inhibits the eukaryotic proteasome by a novel mechanism," Nature, Nature, vol. 452(7188), pages 755-758, April.
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