Ultrafast piezocapacitive soft pressure sensors with over 10 kHz bandwidth via bonded microstructured interfaces

Flexible pressure sensors can convert mechanical stimuli to electrical signals to interact with the surroundings, mimicking the functionality of the human skins. Piezocapacitive pressure sensors, a class of most widely used devices for artificial skins, however, often suffer from slow response-relaxation speed (tens of milliseconds) and thus fail to detect dynamic stimuli or high-frequency vibrations. Here, we show that the contact-separation behavior of the electrode-dielectric interface is an energy dissipation process that substantially determines the response-relaxation time of the sensors. We thus reduce the response and relaxation time to ~0.04 ms using a bonded microstructured interface that effectively diminishes interfacial friction and energy dissipation. The high response-relaxation speed allows the sensor to detect vibrations over 10 kHz, which enables not only dynamic force detection, but also acoustic applications. This sensor also shows negligible hysteresis to precisely track dynamic stimuli. Our work opens a path that can substantially promote the response-relaxation speed of piezocapacitive pressure sensors into submillisecond range and extend their applications in acoustic range.