Unlocking the general relationship between energy and entanglement spectra via the wormhole effect

Based on the path integral formulation of the reduced density matrix, we develop a scheme to overcome the exponential growth of computational complexity in reliably extracting low-lying entanglement spectrum from quantum Monte Carlo simulations. We test the method on the Heisenberg spin ladder with long entangled boundary between two chains and the results support the Li and Haldane’s conjecture on entanglement spectrum of topological phase. We then explain the conjecture via the wormhole effect in the path integral and show that it can be further generalized for systems beyond gapped topological phases. Our further simulation results on the bilayer antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model with 2D entangled boundary across the (2 + 1)D O(3) quantum phase transition clearly demonstrate the correctness of the wormhole picture. Finally, we state that since the wormhole effect amplifies the bulk energy gap by a factor of β, the relative strength of that with respect to the edge energy gap will determine the behavior of low-lying entanglement spectrum of the system.