IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/nat/natcom/v14y2023i1d10.1038_s41467-023-36997-w.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Genetic architecture of spatial electrical biomarkers for cardiac arrhythmia and relationship with cardiovascular disease

Author

Listed:
  • William J. Young

    (Queen Mary University of London
    St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS trust)

  • Jeffrey Haessler

    (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center)

  • Jan-Walter Benjamins

    (University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology)

  • Linda Repetto

    (Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh)

  • Jie Yao

    (Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences/The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center)

  • Aaron Isaacs

    (Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University
    Maastricht University)

  • Andrew R. Harper

    (University of Oxford, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital
    Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive)

  • Julia Ramirez

    (Queen Mary University of London
    University of College London
    University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain and Center of Biomedical Research Network, Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine)

  • Sophie Garnier

    (Sorbonne Universite, INSERM, UMR-S1166, Research Unit on Cardiovascular Disorders, Metabolism and Nutrition, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Disease
    ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition)

  • Stefan Duijvenboden

    (Queen Mary University of London
    University of College London)

  • Antoine R. Baldassari

    (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)

  • Maria Pina Concas

    (Institute for Maternal and Child Health – IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”)

  • ThuyVy Duong

    (Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine)

  • Luisa Foco

    (Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine (affiliated with the University of Lübeck))

  • Jonas L. Isaksen

    (University of Copenhagen)

  • Hao Mei

    (University of Mississippi Medical Center)

  • Raymond Noordam

    (Leiden University Medical Center)

  • Casia Nursyifa

    (University of Copenhagen)

  • Anne Richmond

    (University of Edinburgh)

  • Meddly L. Santolalla

    (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
    Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia)

  • Colleen M. Sitlani

    (University of Washington)

  • Negin Soroush

    (Erasmus Medical Center)

  • Sébastien Thériault

    (Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University
    Université Laval)

  • Stella Trompet

    (Leiden University Medical Center
    Leiden University Medical Center)

  • Stefanie Aeschbacher

    (University Hospital Basel, University of Basel)

  • Fariba Ahmadizar

    (Erasmus Medical Center
    University Utrecht Medical Center)

  • Alvaro Alonso

    (Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University)

  • Jennifer A. Brody

    (University of Washington)

  • Archie Campbell

    (Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh
    University of Edinburgh
    Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital)

  • Adolfo Correa

    (University of Mississippi Medical Center)

  • Dawood Darbar

    (University of Illinois at Chicago)

  • Antonio Luca

    (Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina and University of Trieste)

  • Jean-François Deleuze

    (Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH)
    Laboratory of Excellence GENMED (Medical Genomics)
    Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, Fondation Jean Dausset)

  • Christina Ellervik

    (Department of Data and Data Support, Region Zealand
    University of Copenhagen
    Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School)

  • Christian Fuchsberger

    (Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine (affiliated with the University of Lübeck)
    University of Michigan School of Public Health
    University of Michigan School of Public Health)

  • Anuj Goel

    (University of Oxford, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital
    Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive)

  • Christopher Grace

    (University of Oxford, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital
    Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive)

  • Xiuqing Guo

    (Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences/The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
    Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
    David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA)

  • Torben Hansen

    (University of Copenhagen)

  • Susan R. Heckbert

    (University of Washington
    University of Washington)

  • Rebecca D. Jackson

    (Ohio State Medical Center)

  • Jan A. Kors

    (Erasmus University Medical Center)

  • Maria Fernanda Lima-Costa

    (Instituto René Rachou, fundação Oswaldo Cruz)

  • Allan Linneberg

    (Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital
    University of Copenhagen)

  • Peter W. Macfarlane

    (University of Glasgow)

  • Alanna C. Morrison

    (The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston)

  • Pau Navarro

    (University of Edinburgh)

  • David J. Porteous

    (Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital
    University of Edinburgh)

  • Peter P. Pramstaller

    (Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine (affiliated with the University of Lübeck)
    University of Lübeck)

  • Alexander P. Reiner

    (University of Washington
    University of Washington)

  • Lorenz Risch

    (Labormedizinisches zentrum Dr. Risch
    Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein
    University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, Inselspital)

  • Ulrich Schotten

    (Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University)

  • Xia Shen

    (Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh
    Karolinska Institutet
    Fudan University, Nansha District)

  • Gianfranco Sinagra

    (Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina and University of Trieste)

  • Elsayed Z. Soliman

    (Wake Forest School of Medicine)

  • Monika Stoll

    (Maastricht University
    Maastricht University
    University of Muenster)

  • Eduardo Tarazona-Santos

    (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais)

  • Andrew Tinker

    (Queen Mary University of London
    Queen Mary University of London)

  • Katerina Trajanoska

    (Erasmus Medical Center)

  • Eric Villard

    (Sorbonne Universite, INSERM, UMR-S1166, Research Unit on Cardiovascular Disorders, Metabolism and Nutrition, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Disease
    ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition)

  • Helen R. Warren

    (Queen Mary University of London
    Queen Mary University of London)

  • Eric A. Whitsel

    (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
    University of North Carolina)

  • Kerri L. Wiggins

    (University of Washington)

  • Dan E. Arking

    (Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine)

  • Christy L. Avery

    (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)

  • David Conen

    (Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University)

  • Giorgia Girotto

    (Institute for Maternal and Child Health – IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”
    University of Trieste)

  • Niels Grarup

    (University of Copenhagen)

  • Caroline Hayward

    (University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital)

  • J.Wouter Jukema

    (Leiden University Medical Center
    Netherlands Heart Institute
    Durrer Center for Cardiovascular Research)

  • Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori

    (Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
    Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands)

  • Morten Salling Olesen

    (University of Copenhagen)

  • Sandosh Padmanabhan

    (University of Glasgow)

  • Bruce M. Psaty

    (University of Washington
    University of Washington
    University of Washington)

  • Cristian Pattaro

    (Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine (affiliated with the University of Lübeck))

  • Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro

    (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
    Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil)

  • Jerome I. Rotter

    (Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences/The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
    Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
    David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA)

  • Bruno H. Stricker

    (Erasmus Medical Center)

  • Pim Harst

    (University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology
    University Medical Center Utrecht)

  • Cornelia M. Duijn

    (University of Oxford
    Erasmus MC University Medical Center)

  • Niek Verweij

    (University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology)

  • James G. Wilson

    (University of Mississippi Medical Center
    Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center)

  • Michele Orini

    (St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS trust
    University of College London)

  • Philippe Charron

    (Sorbonne Universite, INSERM, UMR-S1166, Research Unit on Cardiovascular Disorders, Metabolism and Nutrition, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Disease
    ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition
    Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital
    Centre de Référence Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital)

  • Hugh Watkins

    (University of Oxford, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital
    Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive)

  • Charles Kooperberg

    (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center)

  • Henry J. Lin

    (Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences/The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
    Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
    David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA)

  • James F. Wilson

    (Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh
    University of Edinburgh)

  • Jørgen K. Kanters

    (University of Copenhagen)

  • Nona Sotoodehnia

    (University of Washington)

  • Borbala Mifsud

    (Queen Mary University of London
    College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University)

  • Pier D. Lambiase

    (St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS trust
    University of College London)

  • Larisa G. Tereshchenko

    (Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
    Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine)

  • Patricia B. Munroe

    (Queen Mary University of London
    Queen Mary University of London)

Abstract

The 3-dimensional spatial and 2-dimensional frontal QRS-T angles are measures derived from the vectorcardiogram. They are independent risk predictors for arrhythmia, but the underlying biology is unknown. Using multi-ancestry genome-wide association studies we identify 61 (58 previously unreported) loci for the spatial QRS-T angle (N = 118,780) and 11 for the frontal QRS-T angle (N = 159,715). Seven out of the 61 spatial QRS-T angle loci have not been reported for other electrocardiographic measures. Enrichments are observed in pathways related to cardiac and vascular development, muscle contraction, and hypertrophy. Pairwise genome-wide association studies with classical ECG traits identify shared genetic influences with PR interval and QRS duration. Phenome-wide scanning indicate associations with atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular block and arterial embolism and genetically determined QRS-T angle measures are associated with fascicular and bundle branch block (and also atrioventricular block for the frontal QRS-T angle). We identify potential biology involved in the QRS-T angle and their genetic relationships with cardiovascular traits and diseases, may inform future research and risk prediction.

Suggested Citation

  • William J. Young & Jeffrey Haessler & Jan-Walter Benjamins & Linda Repetto & Jie Yao & Aaron Isaacs & Andrew R. Harper & Julia Ramirez & Sophie Garnier & Stefan Duijvenboden & Antoine R. Baldassari & , 2023. "Genetic architecture of spatial electrical biomarkers for cardiac arrhythmia and relationship with cardiovascular disease," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-16, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:14:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-023-36997-w
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36997-w
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36997-w
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1038/s41467-023-36997-w?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Claudia Giambartolomei & Damjan Vukcevic & Eric E Schadt & Lude Franke & Aroon D Hingorani & Chris Wallace & Vincent Plagnol, 2014. "Bayesian Test for Colocalisation between Pairs of Genetic Association Studies Using Summary Statistics," PLOS Genetics, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(5), pages 1-15, May.
    2. Heejung Shim & Daniel I Chasman & Joshua D Smith & Samia Mora & Paul M Ridker & Deborah A Nickerson & Ronald M Krauss & Matthew Stephens, 2015. "A Multivariate Genome-Wide Association Analysis of 10 LDL Subfractions, and Their Response to Statin Treatment, in 1868 Caucasians," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(4), pages 1-20, April.
    3. Alvaro N. Barbeira & Scott P. Dickinson & Rodrigo Bonazzola & Jiamao Zheng & Heather E. Wheeler & Jason M. Torres & Eric S. Torstenson & Kaanan P. Shah & Tzintzuni Garcia & Todd L. Edwards & Eli A. St, 2018. "Exploring the phenotypic consequences of tissue specific gene expression variation inferred from GWAS summary statistics," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 9(1), pages 1-20, December.
    4. Tune H. Pers & Juha M. Karjalainen & Yingleong Chan & Harm-Jan Westra & Andrew R. Wood & Jian Yang & Julian C. Lui & Sailaja Vedantam & Stefan Gustafsson & Tonu Esko & Tim Frayling & Elizabeth K. Spel, 2015. "Biological interpretation of genome-wide association studies using predicted gene functions," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 6(1), pages 1-9, May.
    5. Kyoko Watanabe & Erdogan Taskesen & Arjen Bochoven & Danielle Posthuma, 2017. "Functional mapping and annotation of genetic associations with FUMA," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 8(1), pages 1-11, December.
    6. Mary E. Dickinson & Ann M. Flenniken & Xiao Ji & Lydia Teboul & Michael D. Wong & Jacqueline K. White & Terrence F. Meehan & Wolfgang J. Weninger & Henrik Westerberg & Hibret Adissu & Candice N. Baker, 2016. "High-throughput discovery of novel developmental phenotypes," Nature, Nature, vol. 537(7621), pages 508-514, September.
    7. William J. Young & Najim Lahrouchi & Aaron Isaacs & ThuyVy Duong & Luisa Foco & Farah Ahmed & Jennifer A. Brody & Reem Salman & Raymond Noordam & Jan-Walter Benjamins & Jeffrey Haessler & Leo-Pekka Ly, 2022. "Genetic analyses of the electrocardiographic QT interval and its components identify additional loci and pathways," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-18, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. William J. Young & Najim Lahrouchi & Aaron Isaacs & ThuyVy Duong & Luisa Foco & Farah Ahmed & Jennifer A. Brody & Reem Salman & Raymond Noordam & Jan-Walter Benjamins & Jeffrey Haessler & Leo-Pekka Ly, 2022. "Genetic analyses of the electrocardiographic QT interval and its components identify additional loci and pathways," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-18, December.
    2. Richard Burns & William J. Young & Nay Aung & Luis R. Lopes & Perry M. Elliott & Petros Syrris & Roberto Barriales-Villa & Catrin Sohrabi & Steffen E. Petersen & Julia Ramírez & Alistair Young & Patri, 2024. "Genetic basis of right and left ventricular heart shape," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-17, December.
    3. Ashley Budu-Aggrey & Anna Kilanowski & Maria K. Sobczyk & Suyash S. Shringarpure & Ruth Mitchell & Kadri Reis & Anu Reigo & Reedik Mägi & Mari Nelis & Nao Tanaka & Ben M. Brumpton & Laurent F. Thomas , 2023. "European and multi-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of atopic dermatitis highlights importance of systemic immune regulation," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-18, December.
    4. Sébastien Thériault & Zhonglin Li & Erik Abner & Jian’an Luan & Hasanga D. Manikpurage & Ursula Houessou & Pardis Zamani & Mewen Briend & Dominique K. Boudreau & Nathalie Gaudreault & Lily Frenette & , 2024. "Integrative genomic analyses identify candidate causal genes for calcific aortic valve stenosis involving tissue-specific regulation," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-14, December.
    5. Jacob Joseph & Chang Liu & Qin Hui & Krishna Aragam & Zeyuan Wang & Brian Charest & Jennifer E. Huffman & Jacob M. Keaton & Todd L. Edwards & Serkalem Demissie & Luc Djousse & Juan P. Casas & J. Micha, 2022. "Genetic architecture of heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-14, December.
    6. Natalie DeForest & Yuqi Wang & Zhiyi Zhu & Jacqueline S. Dron & Ryan Koesterer & Pradeep Natarajan & Jason Flannick & Tiffany Amariuta & Gina M. Peloso & Amit R. Majithia, 2024. "Genome-wide discovery and integrative genomic characterization of insulin resistance loci using serum triglycerides to HDL-cholesterol ratio as a proxy," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-17, December.
    7. Lili Liu & Atlas Khan & Elena Sanchez-Rodriguez & Francesca Zanoni & Yifu Li & Nicholas Steers & Olivia Balderes & Junying Zhang & Priya Krithivasan & Robert A. LeDesma & Clara Fischman & Scott J. Heb, 2022. "Genetic regulation of serum IgA levels and susceptibility to common immune, infectious, kidney, and cardio-metabolic traits," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-17, December.
    8. Brittany L. Mitchell & Jake R. Saklatvala & Nick Dand & Fiona A. Hagenbeek & Xin Li & Josine L. Min & Laurent Thomas & Meike Bartels & Jouke Hottenga & Michelle K. Lupton & Dorret I. Boomsma & Xianjun, 2022. "Genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies 29 new acne susceptibility loci," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-9, December.
    9. Michael G. Levin & Noah L. Tsao & Pankhuri Singhal & Chang Liu & Ha My T. Vy & Ishan Paranjpe & Joshua D. Backman & Tiffany R. Bellomo & William P. Bone & Kiran J. Biddinger & Qin Hui & Ozan Dikilitas, 2022. "Genome-wide association and multi-trait analyses characterize the common genetic architecture of heart failure," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-15, December.
    10. Xingjie Hao & Zhonghe Shao & Ning Zhang & Minghui Jiang & Xi Cao & Si Li & Yunlong Guan & Chaolong Wang, 2023. "Integrative genome-wide analyses identify novel loci associated with kidney stones and provide insights into its genetic architecture," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-12, December.
    11. Xiaofeng Zhu & Yihe Yang & Noah Lorincz-Comi & Gen Li & Amy R. Bentley & Paul S. de Vries & Michael Brown & Alanna C. Morrison & Charles N. Rotimi & W. James Gauderman & Dabeeru C. Rao & Hugues Aschar, 2024. "An approach to identify gene-environment interactions and reveal new biological insight in complex traits," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-13, December.
    12. Lynne Krohn & Karl Heilbron & Cornelis Blauwendraat & Regina H. Reynolds & Eric Yu & Konstantin Senkevich & Uladzislau Rudakou & Mehrdad A. Estiar & Emil K. Gustavsson & Kajsa Brolin & Jennifer A. Rus, 2022. "Genome-wide association study of REM sleep behavior disorder identifies polygenic risk and brain expression effects," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-16, December.
    13. Gianmarco Mignogna & Caitlin E. Carey & Robbee Wedow & Nikolas Baya & Mattia Cordioli & Nicola Pirastu & Rino Bellocco & Kathryn Fiuza Malerbi & Michel G. Nivard & Benjamin M. Neale & Raymond K. Walte, 2023. "Patterns of item nonresponse behaviour to survey questionnaires are systematic and associated with genetic loci," Nature Human Behaviour, Nature, vol. 7(8), pages 1371-1387, August.
    14. Catherine M. Francis & Matthias E. Futschik & Jian Huang & Wenjia Bai & Muralidharan Sargurupremraj & Alexander Teumer & Monique M. B. Breteler & Enrico Petretto & Amanda S. R. Ho & Philippe Amouyel &, 2022. "Genome-wide associations of aortic distensibility suggest causality for aortic aneurysms and brain white matter hyperintensities," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-18, December.
    15. Mary P. LaPierre & Katherine Lawler & Svenja Godbersen & I. Sadaf Farooqi & Markus Stoffel, 2022. "MicroRNA-7 regulates melanocortin circuits involved in mammalian energy homeostasis," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-17, December.
    16. Ziyi Xiong & Xingjian Gao & Yan Chen & Zhanying Feng & Siyu Pan & Haojie Lu & Andre G. Uitterlinden & Tamar Nijsten & Arfan Ikram & Fernando Rivadeneira & Mohsen Ghanbari & Yong Wang & Manfred Kayser , 2022. "Combining genome-wide association studies highlight novel loci involved in human facial variation," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-20, December.
    17. Margaret Sunitha Selvaraj & Xihao Li & Zilin Li & Akhil Pampana & David Y. Zhang & Joseph Park & Stella Aslibekyan & Joshua C. Bis & Jennifer A. Brody & Brian E. Cade & Lee-Ming Chuang & Ren-Hua Chung, 2022. "Whole genome sequence analysis of blood lipid levels in >66,000 individuals," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-18, December.
    18. Ville Salo & Juhani Määttä & Eeva Sliz & Ene Reimann & Reedik Mägi & Kadri Reis & Abdelrahman G. Elhanas & Anu Reigo & Priit Palta & Tõnu Esko & Jaro Karppinen & Johannes Kettunen, 2024. "Genome-wide meta-analysis conducted in three large biobanks expands the genetic landscape of lumbar disc herniations," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-14, December.
    19. Hung-Lin Chen & Hsiu-Yin Chiang & David Ray Chang & Chi-Fung Cheng & Charles C. N. Wang & Tzu-Pin Lu & Chien-Yueh Lee & Amrita Chattopadhyay & Yu-Ting Lin & Che-Chen Lin & Pei-Tzu Yu & Chien-Fong Huan, 2024. "Discovery and prioritization of genetic determinants of kidney function in 297,355 individuals from Taiwan and Japan," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-16, December.
    20. Danielle Rasooly & Gina M. Peloso & Alexandre C. Pereira & Hesam Dashti & Claudia Giambartolomei & Eleanor Wheeler & Nay Aung & Brian R. Ferolito & Maik Pietzner & Eric H. Farber-Eger & Quinn Stanton , 2023. "Genome-wide association analysis and Mendelian randomization proteomics identify drug targets for heart failure," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-15, December.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:14:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-023-36997-w. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.nature.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.