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Opening the Farm Gate to Women? The Gender Gap in U.S. Agriculture

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  • Anders Fremstad
  • Mark Paul

Abstract

This article provides an empirical analysis of the gender gap for farming in the United States. Using the 2012 U.S. Census of Agriculture we show that farms operated by women earn forty percent less farm income than farms operated by men after controlling for farm and operator characteristics. These findings indicate that farming is one of the most unequal professions in the United States today. Further, we investigate whether three forms of sustainable agriculture improve incomes for women farmers. We find that only farms engaging in Community Supported Agriculture experience a marked decline in the gender income gap.

Suggested Citation

  • Anders Fremstad & Mark Paul, 2020. "Opening the Farm Gate to Women? The Gender Gap in U.S. Agriculture," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 54(1), pages 124-141, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:mes:jeciss:v:54:y:2020:i:1:p:124-141
    DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2020.1720569
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    Cited by:

    1. Monica Fisher & Paul A. Lewin & Ryanne Pilgeram, 2022. "Farmworkers and the gender wage gap: An empirical analysis of wage inequality in US agriculture," Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 44(4), pages 2145-2163, December.
    2. Tricia Glazebrook & Samantha Noll & Emmanuela Opoku, 2020. "Gender Matters: Climate Change, Gender Bias, and Women’s Farming in the Global South and North," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-25, July.
    3. Carly E. Nichols, 2024. "Being a woman with the “skills of a man”: negotiating gender in the 21st century US Corn Belt," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 41(3), pages 1053-1068, September.
    4. Schmidt, Claudia & Goetz, Stephan J. & Tian, Zheng, 2021. "Female farmers in the United States: Research needs and policy questions," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C).
    5. Claudia Schmidt & Steven C. Deller & Stephan J. Goetz, 2024. "Women farmers and community well‐being under modeling uncertainty," Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 46(1), pages 275-299, March.
    6. Monica Fisher & Paul A. Lewin & Ryanne Pilgeram, 2023. "Gender differences in the financial performance of U.S. farm businesses: A decomposition analysis using the Census of Agriculture," Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 45(2), pages 1233-1253, June.
    7. Berget, Carolina & Mook, Anne & Dwivedi, Puneet, 2024. "Self-efficacy toward prescribed burning among female and male family forest landowners in Georgia, US," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 163(C).

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