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The impact of the non-essential business closure policy on Covid-19 infection rates

Author

Listed:
  • Hummy Song

    (University of Pennsylvania
    Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics)

  • Ryan McKenna

    (Independence Blue Cross)

  • Angela T. Chen

    (University of Pennsylvania
    University of Pennsylvania
    Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics)

  • Guy David

    (University of Pennsylvania
    Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics)

  • Aaron Smith-McLallen

    (Independence Blue Cross)

Abstract

In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, many localities instituted non-essential business closure orders, keeping individuals categorized as essential workers at the frontlines while sending their non-essential counterparts home. We examine the extent to which being designated as an essential or non-essential worker impacts one’s risk of being Covid-positive following the non-essential business closure order in Pennsylvania. We also assess the intrahousehold transmission risk experienced by their cohabiting family members and roommates. Using a difference-in-differences framework, we estimate that workers designated as essential have a 55% higher likelihood of being positive for Covid-19 than those classified as non-essential; in other words, non-essential workers experience a protective effect. While members of the health care and social assistance subsector contribute significantly to this overall effect, it is not completely driven by them. We also find evidence of intrahousehold transmission that differs in intensity by essential status. Dependents cohabiting with an essential worker have a 17% higher likelihood of being Covid-positive compared to those cohabiting with a non-essential worker. Roommates cohabiting with an essential worker experience a 38% increase in likelihood of being Covid-positive. Analysis of households with a Covid-positive member suggests that intrahousehold transmission is an important mechanism driving these effects.

Suggested Citation

  • Hummy Song & Ryan McKenna & Angela T. Chen & Guy David & Aaron Smith-McLallen, 2021. "The impact of the non-essential business closure policy on Covid-19 infection rates," International Journal of Health Economics and Management, Springer, vol. 21(4), pages 387-426, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:ijhcfe:v:21:y:2021:i:4:d:10.1007_s10754-021-09302-9
    DOI: 10.1007/s10754-021-09302-9
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Gene Ambrocio, 2022. "Euro-area business confidence and COVID-19," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 54(43), pages 4915-4929, September.
    2. Barrot, Jean-Noël & Bonelli, Maxime & Grassi, Basile & Sauvagnat, Julien, 2024. "Causal effects of closing businesses in a pandemic," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    3. repec:zbw:bofrdp:2021_004 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. Paul, Jomon A. & Wang, Xinfang & Bagchi, Aniruddha, 2024. "Lives or livelihoods: A configurational perspective of COVID-19 policies," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    5. Gene Ambrocio, 2022. "Euro-area business confidence and COVID-19," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 54(43), pages 4915-4929, September.
    6. Porto, Edoardo Di & Naticchioni, Paolo & Scrutinio, Vincenzo, 2022. "Lockdown, essential sectors, and Covid-19: Lessons from Italy," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).

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