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On Managing Science in the Systems Age: Two Schemas for the Study of Science as a Whole Systems Phenomenon

Author

Listed:
  • Ian I. Mitroff

    (Graduate School of Business, Interdisciplinary Doctoral Program in Information Science, and The Philosophy of Science, Center University of Pittsburgh)

  • Frederick Betz

    (The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia)

  • Louis R. Pondy

    (School of Business, University of Illinois, Urbana)

  • Francisco Sagasti

    (Department of Scientific Affairs, Organization of American State, Lima, Peru)

Abstract

In the Machine Age science not only took the world apart, but it took itself apart, dividing itself into narrower and narrower disciplines. Each discipline represented a different way of looking at the same world. Shortly before World War II science began to put itself back together again so that it could study phenomena as a whole, from all points of view. As a result, a host of new interdisciplines emerged such as Operations Research, Cybernetics, Systems Engineering, Communications Sciences, and Environmental Sciences. Unlike earlier scientific disciplines which sought to separate themselves from each other and to subdivide; the new interdisciplines seek to enlarge themselves, to combine to take into account more and more aspects of reality. Systems Science is the limit of this process, an amalgamation of all the parts of science into an integrated whole. Thus, Systems Science is not a science, but is science taken as a whole and applied to the study of wholes.

Suggested Citation

  • Ian I. Mitroff & Frederick Betz & Louis R. Pondy & Francisco Sagasti, 1974. "On Managing Science in the Systems Age: Two Schemas for the Study of Science as a Whole Systems Phenomenon," Interfaces, INFORMS, vol. 4(3), pages 46-58, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:inm:orinte:v:4:y:1974:i:3:p:46-58
    DOI: 10.1287/inte.4.3.46
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    Cited by:

    1. Pesämaa, Ossi, 2007. "Development of relationships in interorganizational networks: studies in the tourism and construction industries," MPRA Paper 8478, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Tobias Rebs & Marcus Brandenburg & Stefan Seuring & Margarita Stohler, 2018. "Stakeholder influences and risks in sustainable supply chain management: a comparison of qualitative and quantitative studies," Business Research, Springer;German Academic Association for Business Research, vol. 11(2), pages 197-237, September.
    3. Gwendolyn L. Kolfschoten & Gert-Jan Vreede & Robert O. Briggs & Henk G. Sol, 2010. "Collaboration ‘Engineerability’," Group Decision and Negotiation, Springer, vol. 19(3), pages 301-321, May.
    4. Collan, Mikael, 2004. "Giga-Investments: Modelling the Valuation of Very Large Industrial Real Investments," MPRA Paper 4328, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Michelle Reyers & Daniël Gerhardus Gouws, 2014. "The rationality of retirement preservation decisions: A conceptual model," Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, AMH International, vol. 6(5), pages 418-431.
    6. Swanson, Earl R., 1979. "Working with Other Disciplines," 1979 Annual Meeting, July 29-August 1, Pullman, Washington 278218, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association).
    7. van Zelst, Susan & van Donselaar, Karel & van Woensel, Tom & Broekmeulen, Rob & Fransoo, Jan, 2009. "Logistics drivers for shelf stacking in grocery retail stores: Potential for efficiency improvement," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 121(2), pages 620-632, October.
    8. Gwendolyn L. Kolfschoten & Mariëlle Hengst-Bruggeling & Gert-Jan Vreede, 2007. "Issues in the Design of Facilitated Collaboration Processes," Group Decision and Negotiation, Springer, vol. 16(4), pages 347-361, July.
    9. Mohamed Benabid, 2021. "Quelle finalité managériale pour la recherche en gestion : Une lecture historique et critique," Post-Print hal-03958487, HAL.
    10. Vastag, Gyula & Montabon, Frank, 2002. "Journal characteristics, rankings and social acculturation in operations management," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 109-126, April.
    11. Meuffels, W.J.M., 2015. "The design of road and air networks for express service providers," Other publications TiSEM d3266cb8-bc55-41be-adc7-4, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    12. Eric Innocenti & Claudio Detotto & Corinne Idda & Dawn Cassandra Parker & Dominique Prunetti, 2023. "Spécification conceptuelle MR POTATOHEAD -Property Market Edition du système complexe d'un territoire touristique à deux marchés : application au territoire corse," Post-Print hal-04121402, HAL.
    13. Gert-Jan de Vreede & Gary Dickson, 2000. "Using GSS to Design Organizational Processes and Information Systems: An Action Research Study on Collaborative Business Engineering," Group Decision and Negotiation, Springer, vol. 9(2), pages 161-183, March.

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