Global Trends in Community Energy Storage: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Current and Future Direction

Community Energy Storage (CES) is a rapidly evolving field with the potential to transform the modern energy landscape and enhance sustainability initiatives. This comprehensive review paper explores the multifaceted nature of CES, encompassing its diverse technologies, ownership models, regulatory frameworks, sharing paradigms, and applications. Technical aspects of various CES technologies, including batteries, flow batteries, pumped hydro storage, hydrogen-based systems, compressed air energy storage, flywheels, thermal storage, and future technology have been reviewed in detail. Additionally, different ownership models, ranging from private and community-owned to government-led initiatives have been examined. Regulatory frameworks, investment incentives, and grid integration standards are also explored, highlighting the importance of clear guidelines and international collaboration for the successful deployment of CES globally. Furthermore, diverse applications of CES, including increased self-sufficiency, lower energy bills, ancillary services, demand response, and bulk energy applications are discussed. By addressing the challenges and opportunities associated with CES, this review paper aims to contribute to the advancement and widespread adoption of this promising technology, ultimately fostering a more sustainable, resilient, and equitable energy future to meet global net-zero goals. This is achieved by summarising the future direction of CES and posing some yet unexplored research questions.